Organic Chemistry

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  • Created by: Nim9
  • Created on: 07-04-17 20:53
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms bonded together.
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How many bonds can a carbon atom form?
4 bonds
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Define the term 'functional group'.
A single atom or group of atoms that gives the compound its particular chemical properties.
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What is a homologous series?
Series of compounds containing the same functional group. All series differ by -CH2.
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What is emperical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms
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Skeletal formula...
Only shows the carbon atoms and functional groups.
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Alkane ends in...
- ane
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Alkene ends in...
-ene
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Alcohol ends in...
-ol
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Aldehyde ends in...
-al H-C=O
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Ketone ends in...
-one C=O
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Carboxylic Acid ends in..
-oic acid HO-C=O
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Amine ends in...
-amine NH2
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IUPAC stands for...
International unit of pure applied chemistry - used so all countries use the same system
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Naming organic molecules...
Identify longest chain, including functional group. Number chain so the functional group/branching gets the lowest. Arrange prefixes in alphabetical order (if alkyl groups are different). Di if there's two same; two double bonds, alkene ends in diene
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Cycloalkanes are...
saturated hydrocarbons
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Isomers are...
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
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Chain isomerism means...
Differing in the branching of the C atoms
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Position isomerism shows...
Group is moved; compounds differ in position of functional group. You can have a mixture of chain and position isomerism.
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Functional isomerism...
Change position of functional group.
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Only two groups show functional isomerism. They are...
Aldehydes and ketones. Alkene and Cycloalkanes.
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General formula for alkanes...
Cn H2n+2
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Do alkanes decolourise bromine water?
No. Bromine water remains yellow.
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Alkane fuels can be obtained by...
Fractional distillation, cracking and reforming of crude oil.
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Name the order of the fractions in fractional distillaton.
Residue (bitumen), Fuel oil, Diesel, Kerosene, Naptha, Gasoline, Refinery gases
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Describe cracking.
Vapourising long hydrocarbons and passing them over a hot catalyst to make shorter chained ones.
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Why are long chained hydrocarbons broken into smaller ones?
Longer chains burn LESS EFFICIENTLY and require higher boiling temperatures.
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Reforming is...
Conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion. Platinum catalyst is used, takes place at 500 degrees and H2 is a by product.
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Isomerisation is...
Conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain alkanes. No by products, platinum catalyst and 500 degrees.
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Biofuels are...
Fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently
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Biodiesel...
Fuels made from vegetable oils obtained from plants
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Bioalcohols...
Fuels made from plant matter, often using enzyme or bacteria. e.g. Bioethanol (fermentation and bacteria)
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Combustion of alkanes produces...
carbon particulates, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen
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For oxides of nitrogen to form...
very high temperatures are required which is why it takes place in car engines etc.
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Define incomplete combustion.
Some of the atoms in the fuel are not fully oxidised due to restriction in the volume of oxygen.
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What and how does a catalytic converter work? (found in cars)
Oxidses the exhaust gases that pass through it. Oxidation of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide. Not good at removing sulfur based pollution so sulfur compounds are removed from fuel before burned - ultra low sulfur fuel.
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What type of mechanism takes place within alkanes?
Free radical substitution (an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group)
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Define homolytic fission.
The breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species forming a radical. Occurs in free radical substitution.
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Name the three process of free radical substitution.
Initiation in the presence of UV light ( a molecule becomes two radicals), Propagation (a molecule and radical becomes a different radical and molecule - 2 reactions), Termination (2 radicals become one molecule)
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Why is there a lower yield is excess substance is added during the free radical sub. mechanism?
Further substitution reactions can take place.
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Combustion of alkanes produces...
Carbon dioxide and water
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Halogenation produces...
Products of free radical substitution
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Alkanes are non polar. Why?
Carbon has similar electronegativity as hydrogen and the same electronegativity as other carbon atoms.
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What is the general formula of alkenes?
Cn H2n; double bond; unsaturated hydrocarbons
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Sigma bonds are....
Covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap axially.
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Pi bonds are...
Covelent bonds formed when electron orbital overlap sideways.
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In a reaction which bond is broken, pi or sigma?
Pi bond because it is easier to break than a sigma bond.
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How many pi and sigma bonds does a double bond have?
It has one pi and one sigma bond.
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Define stereoisomerism.
Molecules with the same molecular and structural formula but different 3D arrangement of atoms in space.
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For geometric isomerism to occur...
each carbon atom in the double bond must have a different atom or group bonded to it.
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Trans and cis means...
Groups of opposite sides are the same. Groups of the same side are the same. Respectively.
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E/Z isomerism works for compounds...
With different functional groups on both carbon atoms. Priority ruling takes place to decide whether it is E (opposite sides) or Z (same side).
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Alkenes in bromine water...
It decolourises the bromine water
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Hydrogenation of alkenes...
Addition of hydrogen in the presence of raney nickel catalyst, at 150 degrees, to form an alkane.
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Halogenation of alkenes...
Produces dihalogenoalkanes
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Hydration of alkenes....
Heating alkene with steam and passing mixture over a hot catalyst - phosphoric acid, to produce an alcohol.
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Hydrogen Halide reaction with alkenes...
Produces halogenoalkanes.
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Oxidation of alkenes...
Reaction with potassium manganate to dorm a -diol. Alkene reacts with KMnO4 in the cold; is acidic, the purple solution becomes colourless; purple solution becomes dark green, then produces a dark brown ppt if slightly alkaline.
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Mechanism of addition reactions of alkenes is called...
Electrophilic addition
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What is an electrophile?
It is a specie that is attracted to a region of high electron density.
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Heterolytic fission takes place in electrophilic addition...
The breaking of a covalent bond so that both bonding electrons are taken by one atom.
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What is a carbocation?
A positive ion in which the charge is shown on a carbon atom.
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Secondary carbocation (major product) is more stable than primary (minor product). Why?
More alkyl groups are pushing electrons to the carbon atoms. Inductive effect.
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What is a polymerisation reaction?
Addition of monomers (small molecules that combine together to form a polymer).
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For a repeat unit, remember to show...
Brackets, extended bond of the opened double bond reaching out of the bracket and a little n in the bottom right corner.
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Polymers are non-biodegradable. This means what?
Cannot be destroyed or broken down by microbes.
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Waste polymers can be used for...
Recycling, Incineration (releases heat energy to heat homes/factories) and used as chemical feedstock (recycling gases for other reactions).
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Low density polyethene...
Heating ethene at high temp and pressures with special substances called initiators. Polyethene produced has very long chains with lots of branching; branching prevents molecules from packing closely.
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High density polyethene...
Manufactured at low pressures and temp, with catalyst. Produces extra long chains with very little branches so chain pack closer.
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Properties of polyethene...
Light, easily moulded, resistant to water, acid, alkali, transparent. e.g. clingfilm.
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Properties of polypropene...
Tough, easily moulded, very resistant to water, acid, alkali. e.g. Carpets, toys, fibres for ropes.
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Properties of PVC...
Tough, rigid/flexible, very resistant to water, acid, alkali. e.g. window frames, guttering, flooring, insulation for cables.
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Card 2

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How many bonds can a carbon atom form?

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4 bonds

Card 3

Front

Define the term 'functional group'.

Back

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Card 4

Front

What is a homologous series?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is emperical formula?

Back

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