Neoplasia

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 09-04-19 11:54
What is neoplasia
meaning new plasma, is an abnormal growth of cells that lead to a neoplasm
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what does benign mean
remains localized. They do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other areas
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what does malignant mean
will disseminate, invade other tissues and metastasize to other areas
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what are the 4 ways metastasis can happen through
circulation, lymphatic, extension, transplantation
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What causes neoplasia
mutation inactivates tumor supressor gene, cells proliferate, mutation inactivates DNA repair gene, mutation of prior-oncogene creates an oncogene
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what does genetic mutation lead to
increased cell growth (mitosis) and decreases cell death (apoptosis)
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what does genetic mutation stimulate
angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels)
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What is a carcinogen
any substance that is capable of causing caner or promos cancer in living tissues
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what do carcinogens do
they damage DNA, causing mutations
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what are the 8 treatment options of neoplasia
surgery, radiotherapy,chemotherapy, cryotherapy, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, targeted therapy, adjunctive therapy,
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What is radiotherapy
often used as an adjunct after surgery to mop up cancer cells
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where is radiotherapy most used
nose, digits, mouth, brain
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what is chemotherapy
drugs that inhibit mechanisms of cell proliferation
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what type of cells is chemotherapy particularly useful for
round cell tumors e.g. ymphosarcoma, leukemia
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what is cryotherapy
liquid nitrogen to freeze tumors
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What is heyperthermis
local application of heat can be electromagnetic radiation or ultrasound - used with radiotherapy
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what is photodynamic therapy
uses photosensitizing chemicals and light to destroy tumor cells
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What are the two types of targeted therapy
hormone antagonists, thyronsine knase inhibitors
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what is hormone antagonists
growth of some tumors highly dependent on hormones e.g. estrogen in breast cancer - tamoxifen
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what is thyronine kinase inhibitors
bind to specific receptors to inhibit mast cell tumor growth - mastinin (massive), toceranib (palladia)
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what is adjunctive therapy
analgesics, nutrition, antiemetics
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How is nutrition used for treatment
malignant cells metabolism glucose for energy, cancer cells compete with host for protein, low carb diets, use appetite stimulants and feeding tubes
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what are the 7 methods of diagnosis of neoplasia
histopathological examination, FNA, needle core biopsy, bown marrow biopsy/aspiration, punch biopsy, incisional biopsy, excsisional biopsy
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what suffix do begin tours have
oma
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what suffix do malignant tumors have
carcinoma for epithelial origin and sarcoma for mesodermal origin
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characteristics of benign tumors
grow slowly, expansive but well circumscribed, encapsulated, cells well differentiated, do not metastasize
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characteristics of malignant tumours
rapid growth, invasive and infiltrative, non encapsulated, metastasize
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what are the three cytological aspects of criteria for malignancy
cellular, nuclear, cytoplasmic
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What is the cellular criteria of malignancy
variation in size and shape (anisocytosis and pleomorphism), increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ration, varying degrees of differentiation
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what is the nuclear criteria of malignancy
variation of nuclear size (anisokaryosis), multiple or irregularly shaped nuclei or nucleoli, abnormal mitotic figures
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what is the cytoplasmic crieeria for malignancy
increased basophilia or abnormal vacuoles/granules, phagocytosis f other cells
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what are the 7 types of beginning tumours
Lipoma, papilloma, adenoma, fibroma, melanoma, histiocytoma, equine sarcoid
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What is a lipoma
Begnign tumor of adipose cells, common in subcutaneous tissues of older, obese animals
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what is a papilloma
benign wart-like tumor of epithelial cells often seen in oral cavity and on lip margins, eyelids, ears
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what is an adenoma
benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue, mammary adenoma common in *******, perianal adenoma commonly seen in older entire male dogs
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What is a fibroma
Benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue, biopsy required to distinguish from malignant form often caused by poxvirus or papillomavirus infections
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what is melanoma
benign tumor formed by melanocytes
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what is a histiocytoma
rapidly growing benign tumor of round cells, commonly seen in lung dogs on the face and limbs
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what are the three categories of malignant tumours
carcinomas, sarcomas, mast cell tumors
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what are the three carcinomas
squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
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what are the three groups of sarcomas
fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, feline injection site sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, haemangiosarcoma
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what is a squamous cell carcinoma
commonly found of ear tips/oral cavity, on skin: associated with UV light exposure
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what is transitional cell carcinoma
Found in urinary tract, commonly bladder
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what is adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of glandular tissue e.g. mammary, intestine, lungs mammary tumor is cats are more commonly adenocarcinoma (adenoma in dogs)
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What is fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor o fibrous tissue, commonly mouth/head
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feline injection site sarcomas
mainly associated with inactivated rabies and FELV,
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what is osteosarcoma
malignant tour of osteoblasts, common in large breed dogs, away from elbow, towards the knee
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what is lymphosarcoma
malignant tumors of lymphoid tissues, responds well to chemo
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what is haemangiosarcoma
malignant tumor of endothelial cells, can effect skin, spleen, liver, heart, bone, kidneys, bladder, lungs etc
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what are mast cell tumors
Malignant tumor in dogs arising from mast cells, usually effects skin, contain histamine, highly reactive when irritated by handling/FNA/biopsy, some can be curd by surgery
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Card 2

Front

what does benign mean

Back

remains localized. They do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other areas

Card 3

Front

what does malignant mean

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the 4 ways metastasis can happen through

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What causes neoplasia

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Preview of the front of card 5
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