NAM

?
What is the anomeric carbon
The carbon that was originally bound to the carboxyl group
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What conformation is best to show glucose
Chia
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From most reduced to most oxidised
Hydrocarbon, alcohol, carboxyl, carbonic acid
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Three ways glucose is sourced
Diet, breakdown of glycogen, gluconeogenesis
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How many enzymes are involved in glycolysis
10
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What are the four main stages of glycolysis
Activation, splitting, oxidation, ATP synthesis
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Describe the activation step, including products and enzymes
Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase) Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (phosphoglucose isomerase) fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphate (phosphofructose kinase
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Why do we convert glucose to fructose
Glucose is not easily cleaved
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Describe the splitting step, including products and enzymes
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (aldolase) ... triose phosphate keeps the two products in equilibrium
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Describe the oxidation step, including products and enzymes
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1-3bisphosphateglycerate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
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What coenzyme is used in the oxidation step (step 6)
NAD+
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Describe the ATP synthesis step, including products and enzymes
1-3bisphosphateglycerate to 3-phosphate glycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase), 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate mutase) 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate (enolase), phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
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What is the net yield of ATP
2 ATP
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Equation for anaerobic respiration of pyruvate, including enzymes and products
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ to lactate + NAD+ (lactate dehydrogenase)
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Where is lactate broken down?
In the liver
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High levels of ATP and citrate inhibit of activate glycolysis
Inhibit
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AMP is a +ve regulator of
Glycolysis
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Citric acid cycle is also referred to as
The tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle
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Where does the TCA cycle take place
Mitochondria matrix
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The krebs cycle happens how many times per glucose molecule
twice
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Co-enzyme A involves 3 groups
Pantamic acid, B-alanine, Cysteamine
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The Cysteamine group on the co-enzyme A is important in forming
phosphodiester bonds with carboxylic acids due to the -SH on cysteamine
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FAD contains what type of vitamin
B vitamin
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What fatty acid is a precursor for prostaglandins
Arachidonic acid
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1g of fat generates how much energy
38Kj
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Describe the break down of TAG into glycerol and 3FA
TAG to DAG + 1FA (TAG lipase - activated by adrenaline and glucagon) DAG to MAG + 1FA (DAG lipase) MAG to glycerol + 1FA (mag lipase)
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What must we first do to the FA?
Activate. FA + COA to FA-acetylCOA
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Describe the stages to get the FA-acetylCOA into the mitochondrial matrix
Carnitine shuffle - 1) FA-ACOA + carnitine (carnitinepalmitoyltransferase I) passes first membrane. 2) must pass second membrane, enzyme CPT II. Carnitine group is then deattached and FA reattached
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List the three basic stages of B oxidation
Dehydrogenation, Hydration, Dehydrogenation
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Describe B oxidation. Include enzymes and products
FA-acetly COA to enoyl-COA (acylCOA dehydrogenase) form FADH2. Enoyl COA to 3-L-hydroxyacylCOA (enoylCOA hydratase). 3-L-hydroxyacylCOA to BketoacylCOA (3-LHACOA dehydrogenase) form NADH + H+. Diketone unstable and therefore B-KetoacylCOA breaks down
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In order for beta oxidation to work the FA has to be
An even number
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For a FA with 16C how many NADH , FADH2 and Acetyl COA will be formed
NADH - 7, FADH2 - 7, aCOA-8
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For odd chains what do we need to do.
Elongate, Using the enzyme Cobalin (VitB12)
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What two hormones activate FA metabolism
Adrenaline and glucagon
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What conformation is best to show glucose

Back

Chia

Card 3

Front

From most reduced to most oxidised

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Three ways glucose is sourced

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many enzymes are involved in glycolysis

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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