Muscular System

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muscles acting at the shoulder - a synovial joints
deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectorals major, trapezius and teres major.
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muscles acting at the elbow
biceps and triceps brachii
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muscles acting at the radio-ulnar
pronator teres, supinator muscles
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muscles acting at the wrist
wrist flexors, wrist extensors
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muscles acting in the vertebral column
rectus abdominus, erector sinpae, internal/external obliques
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muscles acting at the hip
iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, gluteus medies, gluteus minimus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
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muscles acting at the knee
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedias, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimemranosus, semitendinosus
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muscles acting at the ankle
tibialies anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus
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Types of muscle functions (agonist/antagonist/fixator)
Agonist - This muscle is a prime mover muscle that contracts to produce a movement
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Antagonist - this muscle relaxes when the agonist contracts
Fixator - these muscles stabilize a section of the body when another section moves. The muscle allows the antagonist muscles to move effectively during normal movement or exercise.
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Types of Muscle contractions (isometric/eccentric/concentric)
concentric - activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens
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eccentric - activation that increases tension on a muscle as it lengthens, this contraction occurs when a muscle opposes a stronger force, which causes the muscle to lengthen as it contracts
isometric - when the muscle fires but there is no movement at a joints - basically the joint is static; there is no lengthening or contraction
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slow oxidative - contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries, and also they are red and split ATP at a slow rate, and are resistant to fatigue
fast oxidative - contain very large amounts of myoglobin, very many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries, they are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate,
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impacts of physical activity on the Muscular System
Short Term: increased blood flow, increase in muscle temperature which reduces risk of tears, increase in alertness as hormones are released, also reducing risk of injury
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Long Term: increased muscle size, increase thickness of muscle fibres (hypertrophy) increase number of muscles fibres (hyperplasia)
Negative Effects: bigger chance of muscle soreness, more fatigue, and energy stores and myoglobin levels become depleted
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Joint Movements
SHOULDER (flexion/extension/add/abduction/lateral rotation/horizontal flexion)
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Active muscles in the shoulder = anterior/posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi and trapezius
HIP (flexion/extension/add/abduction)
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Active muscles in the hip = iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, medius and minimus
ELBOW (flexion/extension)
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Active muscles in the Elbow = biceps and tricpes brachii
VERTEBRAL (Flexion/extension/lateral flexion)
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BICEP CURL STAGES
the agonist is the biceps brachii, the antagonist is the tricep brachii because it is realxed when the bicep contracts.this contractgion is ECCENTRIC
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The contraction caused the bicep brachii to contract and lift the weight, now the muscle is shortening and the contraction is CONCENTRIC
The fixator in the bicep curl is the shoulder / deltoid
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HYPERTROPHY - increase in size of muscles
HYPERPLASIA - where the fibres split to increase their number
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CONTRACTION TIME - the speed at which the fibres contract
MOTOR NEURON - the number of muscle fibres attached to a single nerve (more firbes = greater contraction)
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FORCE PRODUCTION - how hard the fibres contract, related to motor neuron size
RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE - how quickly the muscle fibres get tired
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MITOCHONDRIA - (powerhouse of the body). provides energey to the muscle fibres using oxygen
CAPILLARY DENSITY - provide opportunity for oxygen to diffuse in the muscles = increased density means more oxygen in the muscles
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OXIDATIVE CAPACITY - The muscles capacity to use oxygen when working
GLYCOTIC CAPACITY - the body's capacity to use glycogen when working (muscles are able to contract without using oxygen)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

muscles acting at the elbow

Back

biceps and triceps brachii

Card 3

Front

muscles acting at the radio-ulnar

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

muscles acting at the wrist

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

muscles acting in the vertebral column

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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