Sport Topics I need to learn

Slow twitch fibres - red in colour due to high levels of mitochondria/mygoblobin. are very resistant to fatigue, produce low level twitches, used in long distance running

fast twitch fibres - alos red in colour, split ATP at a fast rate, produce fast and strong twicthes, prone to fatigue, used in 400-800m running

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Pulmonary vein - carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Pulmonary Artery -carries de-oxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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Vena Cava - carried de-oxygenated blood from lower body to heart

Aorta - receives blood from left ventricle

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Biscuspid valve - only allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Tricuspid valve - prevents backflow from right ventricle into right atrium

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structure of arteries (on back)

inner layer; epithelium surrounded by connecive tissue with elastic fibres. middle layer: smooth muscle and is the thickest layer

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Structure of veins (on back)

outer layer: connective tissue called tunica adventitia, middle layer: smooth muscle called tunica media, inner layer: lined qwith endothelial cells called tunica intima

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Arteries that carry blood away from heart = aorta (heart to body) and pulmonary artery (heart to veins)

veins that carry blood back to heart = pulmonary vein (lungs to heart) and Vena Cava (bogy to heart)

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role of arterioles = widen to increase diameter and therefore blood flow

role of pre-capillary sphincters = ring like muscles situated between arterioles/capillaries acting like doors that increase or decrease blood flow

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gas exchange at the alveoli (on back)

diffusion = high to low concentraction - - oxygen diffuses from the air into alveoli then into the blood, then CO2 diffused from the blood into the air

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Tidal Volume = lung volume representing normal volume of air displaced between inhalation & exhalation when exercising and not exercising.

Normal tidal volume for adults = 500mL per inspiration

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Respiratory Muscles (on back)

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, diaphragm, rectus abdominus, pectoralis minor, internal intercostals

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sternocleidomastoid = flexes the neck, helps with moving the head

scalene = elevate the ribs, therfore the thorax, to allow inspitation

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internal intercostals = when inhaling; muscles relax, when exhalaing; muscles contract, pulling ribcage down and inwards

diaphragm = during inhalation, it contracts and moves the centre down to compress abdominal cavity, expandning thoracic cavity, brining air into the lungs

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bronchi = passage ways for air to reach the lungs, they get smaller the closer they get to the lungs, then they are called bronchioles

bronchioles = passageways which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli

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minute ventilation = amount of air in litres a person breathes out per minute

RESPIRATORY X TIDAL VOLUME = MINUTE VENTILATION

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ATP-PC system = consists of adenosine triphosphate, provides immediate energy through the breakdown of stored energy phosphates.

Advantage of ATP-PC system - causes no fatigue and provides energy immediately, a Disadvantage would be that it only lasts 10 seconds

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Lactic Acid System = energy to resynthesise ATP without using oxygen

Advantage of LA system = doesnt require oxygen, a disadvantage is that is causes major fatigue

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Aerobic System = produces more ATP then any other system, but produces it alot slower

Advantage = causes no fatigue and uses fat as energy sources. a Disadvantage is that it is only suitable for low intensity activity

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recovery process for ATP-PC system =

Recovery process for lactic acid system: takes between 30-60 mins, Without oxygen it is converted to lactate and removed from the muscle + taken to the liver to be converted into glucose

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