In depth Triple Chemistry (2b)

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  • Created by: HarveyCB
  • Created on: 06-10-18 10:25
What are the three states that matter comes in
Solid, liquid and gas
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What does the state of a material depend on
How strong the forces of attraction are between the particles of a material (atoms, ions or molecules)
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What is the strength of forces between particles determined by
The material (structure of the substance and bond type), temperature and pressure
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What do we use to explain how particles in a material behave, in each of the three states of matter
Particle theory
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What are particles considered as in particle theory
Small, solid, inelastic spheres
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Describe the structure of a solid
There are strong forces of attraction between particles, which hold the particles in fixed positions to form a very regular lattice shape.
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Why are solids not fluid
The particles don't move from their positions, so all solids keep a definite shape and volume
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Describe the internal movement of a solid
All the particles vibrate about their positions, and as the temperature increases, they vibrate more. This is why solids expand slightly when heated
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Describe the structure of liquids
There are weak forces of attraction between the particles. The particles are randomly arranged and are free to move past each other, but tend to stick closely together
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Describe the movement of liquids
Liquids have a definite volume, but don't keep a definite shape, so they will flow to fill the bottom of a container
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Describe the internal movement of liquids
The particles are constantly moving with random motion. The hotter the liquid gets the faster the particles move, so liquids expand slightly when heated
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Describe the structure of gases
The forces of attraction between the particles are very weak, so they are very far apart. Most of a gas is actually empty space
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Describe the movement of a gas
The particles travel in straight lines, until they collide with another particle or the walls of the container. Gases don't keep a definite shape or volume, and will always fill any container
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What happens when a gas is heated
The faster the particles move, and the harder and more frequently they hit the walls of the container. This will cause the pressure to increase, or, if the container isn't sealed, the volume of the gas will increase
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What are the limitations of particle theory
The particles aren't solid, or inelastic, or spheres, they're atoms, ions and molecules. The model also doesn't show forces of attraction between particles or their strength. The particles and the distance between them may not be to scale
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What are bulk properties
Properties that stay the same no matter how many atoms or molecules are in the sample (like density and melting point)
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What do bulk properties depend on
How the particles interact with each other, so a single molecule or atom would behave differently
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What are state symbols
Symbols used to show a materials state in word or symbol equations
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What is the state symbol for gas
(g)
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What is the state symbol for liquid
(l)
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What is the state symbol for solid
(s)
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What is the state symbol for aqueous
(aq)
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What does aqueous mean
Dissolved in water
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What are changes of state
Physical changes
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What are physical changes
When the arrangement or energy of a particle changes, but not the particles themselves
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What do you call the change of state from solid to liquid
Melting
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Describe melting
When a solid is heated, its particles gain more energy, so they vibrate more, weakening the forces that hold the solid together. When the solid reaches the melting point, the particles break free from their positions, and the solid turns to liquid
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Why does a solid turn to liquid at a specific melting point
Because the temperature is high enough for the particles to break free from their positions
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What do you call the change of state from liquid to gas
Boiling
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Describe boiling
When a liquid is heated, the particles gain more energy, so they moved faster, weakening the forces that hold the liquid together. When the liquid reaches boiling point, the particles overcome the forces between them, and the liquid becomes a gas
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Why does a liquid turn to gas at a specific boiling point
Because the temperature is hot enough for the particles to have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them
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What is the change of state from gas to liquid
Condensing
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Describe condensing
As the gas cools, the particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them, and at boiling point the forces are strong enough that the gas becomes a liquid
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What is the change of state from liquid to solid
Freezing
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Describe freezing
When a liquid cools, the particles move around less, as they have less energy, and can no longer overcome the attraction between them. At melting point, the forces between the particles become strong enough that they are held in place
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What do melting and boiling points depend on
How strong the forces between the particles that need to be separated are
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What are tiny particles often measured in
Nanometres or micrometres
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What is a nanometre in metres
0.0000000001 or 1x10 to the power of -9
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What is a micrometre in metres
0.000001 or 1x10 to the power of -6
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How do we categorise particles
Based on their diameter
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What are the three types of particles
Coarse, fine or nanoparticles
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What is the diameter of a coarse particle
Between 2500 nm (2.5 x 10 to the -6) and 10000 nm (1 x 10 to the -5)
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How else do we refer to coarse particles
Dust or PM 10
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What does PM 10 stand for
Particulate matter up to 10 micrometres in diameter
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What is the diameter of a fine particle
Between 100 nm (1 x 10 to the -7) and 2500 nm (2.5 x 10 to the -6)
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How else do we refer to fine particles
PM 2.5
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What does PM 2.5 stand for
Particulate matter up to 2.5 micrometres in diameter
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What is the diameter of a nanoparticle
Between 1nm (1 x 10 to the -9) and 100 nm (1 x 10 to the -7)
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Roughly how many atoms does a nanoparticle contain
Only a few hundred
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What is the typical diameter of an atom
0.1 nm
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How much bigger are nanoparticles than atoms
Between about 10 and 1000 times bigger
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What is the typical diameter of a small molecule
1nm
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How much bigger are nanoparticles than small molecules
Up to 100 times bigger
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What do nanoparticles have
A very high surface area to volume ratio
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What does a high surface area to volume ratio mean
The surface area is very large compared to volume
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How do you calculate the surface area to volume ratio
Surface area divided by volume
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What units do you use when calculating surface area to volume ration
Surface area= nm to the power of 2, volume= nm to the power of 3, ratio= nm to the power of -1
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What happens as particles decrease in size
Assuming they stay in a similar shape, the surface area to volume ratio increases
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What is the study of nanoparticles called
Nanoscience
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Why do nanoparticles have their own branch of science
Because they may behave differently to the material in bulk
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Give an example of a nanoparticle with a different property to the bulk material
The melting point of gold nanoparticles is much lower than the bulk material (gold)
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What are nanoparticles good for
Being used as catalysts
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Why are nanoparticles good catalysts
They have a high surface area to volume ratio, so that more atoms of each particle are near the surface and able to interact with the reactants
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Why do we use nanoparticles as catalysts rather than the bulk material
Because we need less of the material made of nanoparticles to work as an effective catalyst than the material made up of 'normal' sized particles
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List some ways we can use nanoparticles
Cosmetics, sun cream, deodorant, electronics, nanomedicine and as catalysts for fuel cells
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How are nanoparticles used as catalysts for fuel cells
Platinum is typically used as the catalyst for fuel cells, but its really expensive. We use platinum nanoparticles because only a tiny quantity are needed. Other nanoparticles can be used instead of the expensive platinum
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How are nanoparticles used in nanomedicine
The idea is that tiny particles (like fullerenes) can be absorbed more easily by the body than most particles, enabling the drugs to be delivered right into the cells where they're needed
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How are nanoparticles used in electronics
Some nanoparticles conduct electricity, so they can be used to make really thin light display screens, or tiny memory chips that hold vast amounts of data
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How are nanoparticles used in deodorants
Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties, so they are added to some deodorants
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How are nanoparticles used in suncreams
Nanoparticles have been shown to be better than traditional materials at protecting the skin from harmful UV rays, and they also give better coverage
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How are nanoparticles used in cosmetics
To improve moisturisers without making them really oily, and to deliver active ingredients to lower layers of the skin in anti aging creams
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What are the disadvantages of nanoparticles
The way they affect the body isn't fully understood, so we don't know what long term effects they might cause. They may also damage the environment
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What do some people believe products with nanoparticles should have
Labels, so consumers can decide whether or not to use them
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Give an example of a use for nanoparticles that may be damaging
When antibacterial fabric is washed, some of the silver nanoparticles could end up in waste water, and then rivers. They can be toxic to fish
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the state of a material depend on

Back

How strong the forces of attraction are between the particles of a material (atoms, ions or molecules)

Card 3

Front

What is the strength of forces between particles determined by

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What do we use to explain how particles in a material behave, in each of the three states of matter

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are particles considered as in particle theory

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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