Human anatomy and physiology - renal system & Urinary system

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 09-04-20 13:03
what is part of the Urinary excretory system
2 Kidneys; 2 Ureters; Urinary bladder; Urethra
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what is nephrology
Study of kidneys
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what is urology
Study of urinary and reproductive system
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why is Urinary system vital for homeostasis
Alters blood composition, pH, volume and pressure; Maintains blood osmolarity; Excretes wastes and foreign substance; Produces hormones
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why is the kidney vital for homeostasis
Regulate blood volume and composition; Help regulate blood pressure; Gluconeogenesis; Release erythropoietin (EPO); Part of vitamin D synthesis – Calcitriol; Excrete waste in urine
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what do the ureter do
Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
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what do the urine bladder do
stores urine
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what does the urethra do
discharge urine from the body
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what blood ions do the kidneys regulate
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- , HPO42-
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how does the kidney regulate blood pH
Excrete H+ into urine; Conserve HCO3-
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how does the kidney regulate blood volume and blood pressure
Adjust blood volume by conserving/eliminating water in urine; increased Blood volume = increased blood pressure
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what hormones do the kidney produce
calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO)
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what is calcitriol
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; Active form of vitamin D; Regulates calcium homeostasis
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what is erythropoietin (EPO)
Stimulates production of red blood cells (RBC)
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how does the kidney regulate blood glucose levels
As liver, kidneys can use glutamine in gluconeogenesis; Release glucose into blood
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how does the kidney excrete of waste and foreign substances in urine
Deamination of AA = ammonia and urea; Catabolism of Hb = bilirubin; Breakdown creatine phosphate = creatinine; Catabolism nucleic acids = uric acid; Other waste products = drugs and environmental toxins
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what is the Functional unit of kidney
NEPHRONS; Each kidney has about 1 million Number falls with age
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what are the two parts of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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what does the renal corpuscle do
Filters blood
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what is part of the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus – capillary network; Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) – epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries
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what does the the renal tubule
Filtered fluid passes
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what are the 3 regions of a kidney
cortex, medulla, pelvis
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what are the processes that regulate renal (producing urine)
1)Filtration at glomerulus 2)Tubular reabsorption 3)Tubular secretion
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what happens in (ultra) filtration
Small molecules and water removed from blood; Important molecules retained by body
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what get reabsorbed in absorption
water, glucose, amino acids
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what is secretion
Substances not filtered secreted (e.g. drug metabolites)
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where are nephrons located
CORTEX- renal corpuscle, proximal, and distal convoluted tubules. MEDULLA - loops of Henle and collecting ducts
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what part the kidney is responsible for filtration
glomerulus and basement membrane
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what is the glomerulus
Glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a leaky barrier called the filtration membrane
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what is the basement membrane
Permits filtration of water and small solutes; Larger molecular movement increasingly restricted
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what are the function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Reabsorb water; passive reabsorption of ions; active reabsorption of ions; reabsorption of organic nutrients; secretion
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what % is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
60 - 70 %
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what comes after the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) in the nephron
Thin descending and ascending loop of Henle; Thick loop of Henle; Early and late parts of distal tubule; Collecting Ducts
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what is the difference between the descending and ascending limb of the loop of Henle
d) thin a) THICK and thin
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what does the loop of Henle
Reabsorbs 1/2 of water and 2/3 remaining ions
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how does the loop of Henle reabsorb
counter current multiplication
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what does the descending limb of the loop of Henle
High water permeability & low solute permeability; Water moves across into interstitium until osmotic equilibrium reached
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what does the Thin and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle do
Low water permeability; Thick limb actively reabsorbs sodium from tubular fluid
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what does the Distal tubule and collecting duct do
reabsorb Na+
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how does the Distal tubule and collecting duct change when there is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
becomes very permeable to water; Allows water to move out until tubular fluid & interstitial fluid reach osmotic equilibrium
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how does the body respond to dehydration
detects fluid loss via osmoreceptors; Plasma volume decreases and blood osmolality increases Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system; Increased aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone; Increased reabsorption of water and Na (kidneys retain fluid
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what is Hyponatremia
Low Na concentration in the blood
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what happens to the body from Hyponatremia
Nausea and vomiting; Headache; Confusion; Loss of energy, drowsiness and fatigue; Restlessness and irritability; Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps; Seizures; Coma
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how does Hyponatremia happen
Excessive water intake that overloads the hormonal/renal regulation of fluid balance; A sustained decrease in plasma sodium concentration disrupts the osmotic balance across the blood brain barrier , resulting in a rapid influx of water into brain
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what is Exercise induced hyponatremia
Sodium Loss (Sweating Loss) In excess of water loss; Excessive Oral Fluid Intake; More common in people of smaller body weight
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how is the Renal function regulated
neural and hormonal influences
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what are the neural influences of the renal functtions
Renal sympathetic nerves; Renin-angiotensin system
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what are the hormonal influences of the renal functtions
Aldosterone; Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Prostaglandins; Parathyroid hormone; vitamin D
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how do you assess the kidney function
Quantity and quality of urine; Levels of waste in blood
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what is Urinalysis looking for
Analysis of volume and physical; Chemical and microscopic properties
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what should a normal urine volume be
1 - 2 L in 24 hr - varies considerably
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what should a normal urine colour be
Yellow or amber, but varies with concentration & diet. Colour due to urochrome (bile breakdown) & urobilin (breakdown Hb). Concentrated urine darker. Diet, medications & certain diseases affect colour. Kidney stones produce blood in urine
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what should a normal urine turbidity be
transparent when freshly voided, but becomes turbid upon standing
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what should a normal urine odour be
Mildly aromatic, becomes ammonia-like upon standing. Some people inherit ability to form methylmercaptan from digested asparagus that gives urine odour. Urine of diabetics has fruity odour due to ketone bodies
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what should a normal urine pH be
4.6 - 8.0; average 6.0 but varies with diet. High protein intake increases acidity; vegetarian diets increase alkalinity
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what should a normal urine specific gravity be
Ratio weight of vol to weight of equal vol distilled water. Ranges 1.001 - 1.035 - higher concentration solutes = higher s.g.
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what is Urinalysis detecting
Urinalysis is used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes; Is used as both a screening and diagnostic tool
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what is important about 2% dehydration for sport science
significant impact on athletic performance
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why is it important to use urine specific gravity in sport science
stops athletes from reducing weight by dehydration;most practical; cost-efficient; hydration measure to use during the weight-certification; Urine specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water.
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at what degree would be considered dehyrdration for wrestlers using urine specific gravity
>1.020
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what is nephrology

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Card 3

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what is urology

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Card 4

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why is Urinary system vital for homeostasis

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Card 5

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why is the kidney vital for homeostasis

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