mass transport
Ohms law, metabolic consequences and demands, small v large, factors promoting conductance, content v partial pressure, volume flow ofo2 in humans (overall push, oxygen cascade).
pulmonary conductance (lung anatomy, pao2, equilibiration and hb dissociation). blood flow regulation (vascular beds, heart, unnervated organs, relfex) blood pressure.
- Created by: ava.scott
- Created on: 04-04-16 12:47
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- MASS TRANSPORT
- SINGLE PRINCIPLE
- rate of flowthrough a system= how hard being pushed x *** easy it flows through
- OHMS LAW
- Flow= pressure x conductance
- in physiology, conductance is nearly always altered.
- As PO2 is determined by nature.
- in physiology, conductance is nearly always altered.
- flow = pressure/ resistance
- Flow= pressure x conductance
- consequences of metabolism
- CH2O + O2 >> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY
- CO2 is dangerous, because of its acidic tendencies!
- CO2 + H2O >> HCO3- + H+
- Lots of energy lost as heat energy, which can be dangerous if allowed to accumulate.
- CO2 is dangerous, because of its acidic tendencies!
- For small organism
- Krogh: radius less than 1mm, diffusion will satisfy
- oxygen gradient for diffusion needed is equal to the square of the radius of the organism.
- 2x radius= 4x gradient
- For large organism
- Mass transport systems are needed to distribute o2,co2, nutrients and heat.
- BIG ADVANTAGES
- Speed
- McMahon and Bonner 1983
- found that the greater the length of an organism
- the greater the maximum speed they could travel
- Important for human hunting; jogging is more efficient that preys stop and start between walk and run.
- the less it cost them to transport 1kg 1km
- Important for human hunting; jogging is more efficient that preys stop and start between walk and run.
- the greater the maximum speed they could travel
- the greater the mass of an organism
- the less it cost them to transport 1kg 1km
- found that the greater the length of an organism
- McMahon and Bonner 1983
- strength
- mechanical efficiency
- McMahon and Bonner 1983
- found that the greater the length of an organism
- the greater the maximum speed they could travel
- Important for human hunting; jogging is more efficient that preys stop and start between walk and run.
- Important for human hunting; jogging is more efficient that preys stop and start between walk and run.
- the greater the maximum speed they could travel
- the greater the mass of an organism
- found that the greater the length of an organism
- McMahon and Bonner 1983
- intelligence
- Speed
- CH2O + O2 >> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY
- KROGHS ANIMAL PRINCIPLE
- RENAL FUNCTION
- giant nephron of kangaroo rat
- MEMBRANE AND ACTION POTENTIAL
- giant axon of the squid
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
- Bacteria from hydrothermal vents have heat-resistant polymerase
- AUDITORY LOCATION
- owl
- EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
- humans
- 1929
- RENAL FUNCTION
- Factors promoting conductance
- of gas across capillary walls
- solubility of oxygen in and across membrane
- extreme thiness of membrane
- 0.5um (wavelength of visible light!)
- extremely large surface area
- 70ml of blood across 80m2 in human lung
- low velocity of blood in capillaries
- maintained by recruitment and distension.
- Content
- the number of molecules per unit volume
- will not equilibriate (e.g. between alveoli and blood)
- blood has greater content than air, allowing O2 to diffuse up its concentration gradient
- will not equilibriate (e.g. between alveoli and blood)
- the number of molecules per unit volume
- partial pressure
- the summed activity of all oxygen molecules.
- will equilibriate between two areas
- the summed activity of all oxygen molecules.
- of gas across capillary walls
- Volume flow of O2 in humans
- OVERALL PUSH= Partial pressure gradient of oxygen from atmosphere to mitochondria
- From lung (convection to diffusion across alveoli)
- to blood (convection)
- to tissues (diffusion into and across)
- to blood (convection)
- danger spots: heart and lung
- From lung (convection to diffusion across alveoli)
- OXYGEN CASCADE
- 150mmHG (PO2) in air
- 100mmHG (PO2) in alveoli
- 95mmHG(PO2) in arterial blood
- drops through systemic capillaries to venous blood, tissues and mitochondria.
- 95mmHG(PO2) in arterial blood
- 100mmHG (PO2) in alveoli
- 150mmHG (PO2) in air
- AIR V WATER
- O2 Content
- water has 30x that of water
- density
- air has 1/100th of that of water
- viscosity
- air has 1/60th of that of water
- air:blood viscosity
- 1/180
- so heart limits exercise (works 180x harder than lungs!)
- 1/180
- O2 Content
- OVERALL PUSH= Partial pressure gradient of oxygen from atmosphere to mitochondria
- Pulmonary conductance
- achieved by
- intercostal muscles and diaphragm expanding and elastically recoiling thorax.
- alveolar PO2 must be less than that on inspired PO2.
- added O2 (inspiration) removed o2 (metabolism)
- VO2= (PIO2- PAO2) X VA
- doubling VA will half the difference between PIO2 and PAO2.
- VO2= (PIO2- PAO2) X VA
- added O2 (inspiration) removed o2 (metabolism)
- Lung anatomy
- spongey
- mainly air transvered by alveoli membranes
- alveolar membranes are extremely thin, and contain a single file of RBC
- exposed to two alveoliar pockets
- Equilibriation
- oxygen move svery easily from alveoli to blood, creating a quick equilibriation time
- blood velocity can increase up to 3x, and equilibiration will still be met
- HB dissocation curve
- Enhances PO2 gradients where it is needed
- the greater the PO2 gradient, the greater the oxygen content of the blood
- Enhances PO2 gradients where it is needed
- oxygen move svery easily from alveoli to blood, creating a quick equilibriation time
- achieved by
- PRESSURE
- Blood floes DOWN the pressure gradient
- biggest drop in?
- arterioles due to smooth vascular muscle reducing conductance
- biggest drop in?
- Blood floes DOWN the pressure gradient
- REGULATING BLOOD FLOW
- ORGANS
- Isolated (unnervated) organs control their own blood flow. the greater the metabolism of tissue, the more relaxed arterioles are.
- arterioles expandwith metabolic products,
- Isolated (unnervated) organs control their own blood flow. the greater the metabolism of tissue, the more relaxed arterioles are.
- HEART
- Automnaticatically pumps what it receives from summed vascular beds
- good for heart transplant patients, who have no innervation.
- Automnaticatically pumps what it receives from summed vascular beds
- Relfex neural repsonses
- can override local demands if the body demands it
- e.g. arterial baroreceptors in carotid sinus
- sense blood pressure and miantian is constancy
- particularly concerned with cerebral perfusion.
- e.g. arterial baroreceptors in carotid sinus
- always sensory, limb, central processor andmotor limb, all in CNS
- can override local demands if the body demands it
- ORGANS
- SINGLE PRINCIPLE
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