Hormonal communication (M5)
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- Created by: kaylee17ne
- Created on: 23-12-23 11:43
An endocrine gland is a group of specialised ______ that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
An endocrine gland is a group of specialised cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
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Pituitary gland:
produces ______ hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. ____-______ hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. __________ controls the development of the ovaries and testes
produces ______ hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. ____-______ hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. __________ controls the development of the ovaries and testes
Produces growth hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. Anti-diuretic hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Gonadotrophins controls the development of the ovaries and testes
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Thyroid gland:
Produces _______ which controls the rate of metabolism and the rate that ______ is used up in respiration
Produces _______ which controls the rate of metabolism and the rate that ______ is used up in respiration
Produces thyroxine which controls the rate of metabolism and the rate that glucose is used up in respiration
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Adrenal gland:
Produces _______ which increases heart and breathing rate, raising blood ______ level
Produces _______ which increases heart and breathing rate, raising blood ______ level
Produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate, raising blood glucose level
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Pineal gland:
Produces _______ which affects reproductive development and daily cycles
Produces _______ which affects reproductive development and daily cycles
Produces melatonin which affects reproductive development and daily cycles
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Thymus:
Produces _______ which promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Produces _______ which promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Produces thymosin which promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
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Pancreas:
Produces ______ which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver
Produces _______ which converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver
Produces ______ which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver
Produces _______ which converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver
Produces insulin which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver
Produces glucagon which converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver
Produces glucagon which converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver
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Testis:
Produces __________ which controls sperm production and sexual characteristics
Produces __________ which controls sperm production and sexual characteristics
Produces testosterone which controls sperm production and sexual characteristics
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Ovary:
Produces _______ which controls ovulation and sexual characteristics
And _________ which prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo
Produces _______ which controls ovulation and sexual characteristics
And _________ which prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo
Produces oestrogen which controls ovulation and sexual characteristics
And progesterone which prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo
And progesterone which prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo
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Hormones are secreted directly into the blood and transported in the ______. They diffuse out the blood and bind to specific _______ for that hormone found in the cells of target organs. These are called _____ cells. This stimulates them to produce a resp
Hormones are secreted directly into the blood and transported in the plasma. They diffuse out the blood and bind to specific receptors for that hormone found in the cells of target organs. These are called target cells. This stimulates them to produce a r
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Steroid hormones:
_____-soluble, pass through _____ component of membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors. This forms a _____-_____ complex. This complex facilitates or inhibits the _________ of a specific gene. Oestrogen can act this way
_____-soluble, pass through _____ component of membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors. This forms a _____-_____ complex. This complex facilitates or inhibits the _________ of a specific gene. Oestrogen can act this way
Lipid-soluble, pass through lipid component of membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors. This forms a hormone-receptor complex. This complex facilitates or inhibits the transcription of a specific gene. Oestrogen can act this way.
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Non-steroid hormones:
________ so don't pass directly through membrane, so they bind to specific _______ on the membrane of a target cell. Triggers a ______ reaction mediated by second messengers. Adrenaline can act this way
________ so don't pass directly through membrane, so they bind to specific _______ on the membrane of a target cell. Triggers a ______ reaction mediated by second messengers. Adrenaline can act this way
Hydrophilic so don't pass directly through membrane, so they bind to specific receptors on the membrane of a target cell. Triggers a cascade reaction mediated by second messengers. Adrenaline can act this way
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Adrenal glands structure:
Two small glands measuring _cm height and _cm length located on top of the kidney
The adrenal cortex is the outer region producing hormones that are vital to life such as ______
The adrenal medulla is the inner region producing n
Two small glands measuring _cm height and _cm length located on top of the kidney
The adrenal cortex is the outer region producing hormones that are vital to life such as ______
The adrenal medulla is the inner region producing n
Two small glands measuring 3cm in height and 5cm in length located on the top of the kidney
The adrenal cortex is the outer region producing hormones that are vital to life such as cortisol
The adrenal medulla is the inner region producing non-essential h
The adrenal cortex is the outer region producing hormones that are vital to life such as cortisol
The adrenal medulla is the inner region producing non-essential h
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The production of hormones are controlled by the hormones released from the pituitary gland.
What are the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
What are the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
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Glucocorticoids:
Produces cortisol which help regulate _______ by controlling how the body converts macromolecules to energy. Helps regulate blood _______ and ___________ function in response to stress. The release is controlled by the ___________
Produces cortisol which help regulate _______ by controlling how the body converts macromolecules to energy. Helps regulate blood _______ and ___________ function in response to stress. The release is controlled by the ___________
Include cortisol which helps regulate metabolism by controlling how the body converts macromolecules to energy. Helps regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function in response to stress. The release is controlled by the hypothalamus
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Mineralocorticoids:
Produces aldosterone which helps control blood pressure by balancing ____ and ______ concentrations in the blood and body fluid. Its release is mediated by signals triggered by the ______
Produces aldosterone which helps control blood pressure by balancing ____ and ______ concentrations in the blood and body fluid. Its release is mediated by signals triggered by the ______
Produces aldosterone which helps control blood pressure by balancing salt and water concentrations in the blood and body fluids. Its release is mediated by signals triggered by the kidney
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Androgens:
Small amount of male and female sex hormones released. Their impact is smaller compared to large amounts of hormones such as ______ and ________. Important for women especially after _______.
Small amount of male and female sex hormones released. Their impact is smaller compared to large amounts of hormones such as ______ and ________. Important for women especially after _______.
Small amount of male and female sex hormones released. Their impact is smaller compared to large amounts of hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. Important for women especially after menopause.
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The hormones released are controlled by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. What are the 2 hormones released by the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline
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Adrenaline:
Increases the _____ rate, sending blood quickly to the brain and muscles. Rapidly increases blood glucose levels by converting _______ into ______ in the liver.
Increases the _____ rate, sending blood quickly to the brain and muscles. Rapidly increases blood glucose levels by converting _______ into ______ in the liver.
Increases the heart rate, sending blood quickly to the brain and muscles. Rapidly increases blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into glucose in the liver.
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Noradrenaline:
Works with adrenaline in response to stress. Produces effects such as increase _____ rate, widening _____, widening of ___ passages in the lungs, narrowing of ______
Works with adrenaline in response to stress. Produces effects such as increase _____ rate, widening _____, widening of ___ passages in the lungs, narrowing of ______
Works with adrenaline in response to stress. Produces effects such as increased heart rate, widening pupils, widening of air passages in the lungs, narrowing of vessels
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Pancreas has 2 main functions:
The exocrine gland produces enzymes and releases them via a duct into the ________
The endocrine gland produces hormones and releases them into the _____
The exocrine gland produces enzymes and releases them via a duct into the ________
The endocrine gland produces hormones and releases them into the _____
The exocrine gland produces enzymes and releases them via a duct into the duodenum
The endocrine gland produces hormones and releases them into the blood
The endocrine gland produces hormones and releases them into the blood
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Role as an exocrine gland:
Most of the pancreas is made up of exocrine _______ tissue, responsible for producing digestive enzymes and pancreatic _____. These are secreted into pancreatic duct and from here released into the ________. The pancreas produce
Most of the pancreas is made up of exocrine _______ tissue, responsible for producing digestive enzymes and pancreatic _____. These are secreted into pancreatic duct and from here released into the ________. The pancreas produce
Most of the pancreas is made up of exocrine glandular tissue, responsible for producing digestive enzymes and pancreatic juice. These are secreted into pancreatic duct and from here released into the duodenum. The pancreas produces amylases, proteases and
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Role as an endocrine gland:
The pancreas produces _____ and _______ which regulates blood glucose concentration. There are small regions of endocrine tissue called islets of _________ which produce these hormones and release them into the bloodstream.
The pancreas produces _____ and _______ which regulates blood glucose concentration. There are small regions of endocrine tissue called islets of _________ which produce these hormones and release them into the bloodstream.
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon which regulates blood glucose concentration. There are small regions of endocrine tissue called islets of Langerhans which produce these hormones and release them into the bloodstream.
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Islets of Langerhans:
______ stained
_____ and spherical clusters
______ pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete _______
______ stained
_____ and spherical clusters
______ pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete _______
lightly stained
large and spherical clusters
endocrine pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete hormones
large and spherical clusters
endocrine pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete hormones
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Pancreatic acini:
______ stained
_____, berry-like clusters
_______ pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete ______
______ stained
_____, berry-like clusters
_______ pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete ______
darker stained
small, berry-like clusters
exocrine pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete enzymes
small, berry-like clusters
exocrine pancreatic tissue
produce and secrete enzymes
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Cells in the islets of Langerhans:
_____ cells produce and secrete glucagon
____ cells produce and secrete insulin
_____ cells are larger and more numerous
_____ cells produce and secrete glucagon
____ cells produce and secrete insulin
_____ cells are larger and more numerous
Alpha cells produce and secrete glucagon
Beta cells produce and secrete insulin
Alpha cells are larger and more numerous
Beta cells produce and secrete insulin
Alpha cells are larger and more numerous
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Blood glucose can increase as a result of:
Diet - _________ rich foods break down to release glucose, the glucose released is absorbed into the ________, increasing blood glucose concentration
Diet - _________ rich foods break down to release glucose, the glucose released is absorbed into the ________, increasing blood glucose concentration
Diet- carbohydrate rich foods break down to release glucose, the glucose released is absorbed into the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose concentration
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__________ - glycogen stored in liver is broken down into glucose, released into the blood, increasing blood glucose concentration
_____________ - Liver makes glucose from lipids and amino acids (non-carb sources), glucose released into blood, increasing
_____________ - Liver makes glucose from lipids and amino acids (non-carb sources), glucose released into blood, increasing
Glycogenolysis - glycogen stored in liver is broken down into glucose, released into the blood, increasing blood glucose concentration
Gluconeogenesis - Liver makes glucose from lipids and amino acids (non-carb sources_, glucose released into blood, incre
Gluconeogenesis - Liver makes glucose from lipids and amino acids (non-carb sources_, glucose released into blood, incre
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Blood glucose can decrease as a result of:
Respiration - During exercise more glucose is needed for muscle _________. Higher level of physical activity, higher demand for _______, decreased blood glucose concentration.
Respiration - During exercise more glucose is needed for muscle _________. Higher level of physical activity, higher demand for _______, decreased blood glucose concentration.
Respiration - During exercise more glucose is needed for muscle contraction. Higher level of physical activity, higher demand for glucose, decreased blood glucose concentration.
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__________ - when blood glucose is too high, excess glucose is taken in through diet and converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver.
Glycogenesis - when blood glucose is too high, excess glucose is taken in through diet and converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver.
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Role of insulin:
If blood glucose is too high, ____ cells detect this and release insulin into the blood. When insulin binds to its _________ receptor, changes tertiary structure of transport channels, channels ____ allowing more glucose to enter, insulin
If blood glucose is too high, ____ cells detect this and release insulin into the blood. When insulin binds to its _________ receptor, changes tertiary structure of transport channels, channels ____ allowing more glucose to enter, insulin
If blood glucose is too high, beta cells detect this and release insulin into the blood. When insulin binds to its glycoprotein receptor, it changes tertiary structure of transport channels, channels open allowing more glucose to enter, insulin activates
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Insulin lowers blood glucose by:
increasing rate of _________ of glucose by cells, increasing ________ rate of cells, increasing rate of __________, increasing rate of glucose to ______ conversion, inhibiting release of ______ from alpha cells of the isle
increasing rate of _________ of glucose by cells, increasing ________ rate of cells, increasing rate of __________, increasing rate of glucose to ______ conversion, inhibiting release of ______ from alpha cells of the isle
Increasing rate of absorption of glucose by cells, increasing respiratory rate of cells, increasing rate of glycogenesis, increasing rate of glucose to glycogen conversion, inhibiting release of glucagon from alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
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As blood glucose concentration returns to normal, ____ cells detect this, reducing the secretion of insulin. This is an example of ______ feedback.
As blood glucose concentration returns to normal, beta cells detect this, reducing the secretion of insulin. This is an example of negative feedback.
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Role of glucagon:
_____ cells detect the fall in blood glucose concentration and secrete _______ into the blood.
_____ cells detect the fall in blood glucose concentration and secrete _______ into the blood.
Alpha cells detect the fall in blood glucose concentration and secrete glucagon into the blood.
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Glucagon raises blood glucose by:
increasing rate of ___________, reducing the absorption of glucose by liver cells, increasing rate of _____________
increasing rate of ___________, reducing the absorption of glucose by liver cells, increasing rate of _____________
increasing rate of glycogenolysis, reducing the absorption of glucose by liver cells, increasing rate of gluconeogenesis
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As blood glucose concentration returns to normal, _____ cells detect this, reducing the secretion of insulin. This is an example of ______ feedback.
As blood glucose concentration returns to normal, alpha cells detect this, reducing the secretion of insulin. This is an example of negative feedback.
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Control of insulin secretion:
1. At normal blood glucose levels, ________ ion channels in the membrane of beta cells open and _________ ions diffuse out. The inside of the cell is at -__mV
1. At normal blood glucose levels, ________ ion channels in the membrane of beta cells open and _________ ions diffuse out. The inside of the cell is at -__mV
1. At normal blood glucose levels, potassium ion channels in the membrane of beta cells open and potassium ions diffuse out. The inside of the cell is at -70mV
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2. Blood glucose levels rise, glucose enters the cell by a glucose __________.
3. Glucose is metabolised inside the __________, producing ATP
4. ATP binds to _________ channels, they close (known as ATP sensitive _________ channels).
3. Glucose is metabolised inside the __________, producing ATP
4. ATP binds to _________ channels, they close (known as ATP sensitive _________ channels).
2. Blood glucose levels rise, glucose enters the cell by a glucose transporter
3. Glucose is metabolised inside the mitochondria, producing ATP
4. ATP binds to potassium channels, they close (known as ATP sensitive potassium channels).
3. Glucose is metabolised inside the mitochondria, producing ATP
4. ATP binds to potassium channels, they close (known as ATP sensitive potassium channels).
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5. ________ ions no longer diffuse out the cell, so the membrane reduces to -__mV and depolarisation occurs
6. Causes ______ ion channels to open
7. ______ ions enter the cell, secretory vesicles release the insulin by _________
6. Causes ______ ion channels to open
7. ______ ions enter the cell, secretory vesicles release the insulin by _________
5. Potassium ions no longer diffuse out the cell, so the membrane reduces to -30mV and depolarisation occurs
6. Causes calcium ion channels to open
7. Calcium ions enter the cell, secretory vesicles release the insulin by exocytosis
6. Causes calcium ion channels to open
7. Calcium ions enter the cell, secretory vesicles release the insulin by exocytosis
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Type 1 diabetes:
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans are unable to _______ insulin. The cause is _______ so can't be prevented or cured. The condition can arise as a result of the immune system attacking the ____ cells. It normally begins in ________
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans are unable to _______ insulin. The cause is _______ so can't be prevented or cured. The condition can arise as a result of the immune system attacking the ____ cells. It normally begins in ________
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans are unable to produce insulin. The cause is unknown so can't be prevented or cureed. The condition can arise as a result of the immune system attacking the beta cells. It normally begins in childhood.
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Type 2 diabetes:
Beta cells don't _______ enough insulin or don't ______ properly to insulin. Because the glycoprotein insulin _______ don't work properly, so don't take up enough glucose, leaving it in the blood.
Beta cells don't _______ enough insulin or don't ______ properly to insulin. Because the glycoprotein insulin _______ don't work properly, so don't take up enough glucose, leaving it in the blood.
Beta cells don't produce enough insulin or don't respond properly insulin. Because the glycoprotein insulin receptors don't work properly, so don't take up enough glucose, leaving it in the blood.
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Type 2 diabetes is caused by excess body ______ and physical _______. Symptoms develop ______ than in type 1 diabetes. The risk increases with ___ but still occurs in children.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by excess body weight and physical inactivity. Symptoms develop slower and are less servere than in type 1 diabetes. The risk increases with age but still occurs in children.
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What is the way of treating type 1 diabetes?
Regular injections of insulin
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Blood glucose is tested by a ***** on the ______, blood is analysed by a _______, based on the concentration measured the dose of insulin can be worked out. The insulin increases amount of glucose absorbed by cells and causes ____________, reducing blood
Blood glucose is tested by a ***** on the finger, blood is analysed by a machine, based on the concentration measured the dose of insulin can be worked out. The insulin increases amount of glucose absorbed by cells and causes glycogenesis, reducing blood
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Too much insulin injected can cause ____________, resulting in unconsciousness. Too low insulin injected can cause ___________, resulting in unconsciousness and death.
Too much insulin injected can cause hypoglycaemia, resulting in unconsciousness. Too low insulin can cause hyperglycaemia, resulting in unconsciousness and death.
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What are the ways in treating type 2 diabetes?
Regulating diet (less intake of carbohydrates)
Regular exercise
Drugs to stimulate insulin production
Regular exercise
Drugs to stimulate insulin production
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Insulin obtained from cows and pigs:
- difficult and ________
- cause ______ reactions
- difficult and ________
- cause ______ reactions
- difficult and expensive
- cause allergic reactions
- cause allergic reactions
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Human insulin by genetically modified bacteria:
- Produced in a pure form, less likely to cause _____ reactions
- produced in higher _______
- productions costs are ______
- _____ issues overcome over using animal products in humans
- Produced in a pure form, less likely to cause _____ reactions
- produced in higher _______
- productions costs are ______
- _____ issues overcome over using animal products in humans
- produced in a pure form, less likely to cause allergic reactions
- produced in higher quantities
- production costs are cheaper
- ethical issues overcome over using animal products in humans
- produced in higher quantities
- production costs are cheaper
- ethical issues overcome over using animal products in humans
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Stem cells in diabetes treatment:
the early ______ has to be destroyed, they are spare from infertility treatments or terminated _________.
the early ______ has to be destroyed, they are spare from infertility treatments or terminated _________.
the early embryo has to be destroyed, they are spare from infertility treatments or terminated pregnancies
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Advantages of stem cells over other therapies:
- donor ___________ wouldn't be an issue, stem cells produce an ________ source of beta cells
- aren't _______ by the body
- no longer have _________ of insulin
- donor ___________ wouldn't be an issue, stem cells produce an ________ source of beta cells
- aren't _______ by the body
- no longer have _________ of insulin
- donor availability wouldn't be an issue, stem cells produce an unlimited source of beta cells
- aren't rejected by the body
- no longer have injections of insulin
- aren't rejected by the body
- no longer have injections of insulin
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Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells to treat:
- might form _____ due to unlimited cell growth
- __________ in stem cells is limited
- might form _____ due to unlimited cell growth
- __________ in stem cells is limited
- might form tumors due to unlimited cell growth
- differentiation in stem cells is limited
- differentiation in stem cells is limited
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Fight or flight response:
1. Threat detected by ______ nervous system
2. Hypothalamus communicates with the sympathetic nervous system and the _____-_____ system
1. Threat detected by ______ nervous system
2. Hypothalamus communicates with the sympathetic nervous system and the _____-_____ system
1. Threat detected by autonomic nervous system
2. Hypothalamus communicates with the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system
2. Hypothalamus communicates with the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system
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3. Sympathetic nervous system uses ______ pathways to initiate body reactions, adrenal-cortical system uses ______
4. Sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscle, tells the adrenal medulla to release ________ and __________
4. Sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscle, tells the adrenal medulla to release ________ and __________
3. Sympathetic nervous system uses neuronal pathways to initate body reactions, adrenal-cortical system uses hormones
4. Sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscle, tells the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradre
4. Sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscle, tells the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradre
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5. Cause changes such as increase _____ rate
6. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to secrete ____________ hormone (ACTH)
7. Travels to adrenal _____, activates release of other hormones to deal with a threat
6. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to secrete ____________ hormone (ACTH)
7. Travels to adrenal _____, activates release of other hormones to deal with a threat
5. Causes changes such as increased heart rate
6. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
7. Travels to adrenal cortex, activates release of other hormones to deal with a threat
6. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
7. Travels to adrenal cortex, activates release of other hormones to deal with a threat
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Action of adrenaline:
- triggers liver cells to under ___________ so glucose is released into bloodstream
- allows ________ to increase so more energy is available for contraction
- triggers liver cells to under ___________ so glucose is released into bloodstream
- allows ________ to increase so more energy is available for contraction
- triggers liver cells to under glycogenolysis so glucose is released into bloodstream
- allows respiration to increase so more energy is available for contraction
- allows respiration to increase so more energy is available for contraction
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1. When adrenaline binds to receptor (forming adrenaline-receptor complex), _____ cyclase is activated
2. Enzyme converts ATP to cyclic ___, acting as a second messenger that activates other enzymes to convert ______ into glucose
2. Enzyme converts ATP to cyclic ___, acting as a second messenger that activates other enzymes to convert ______ into glucose
1. When adrenaline binds to receptor (forming adrenaline-receptor complex), adenylyl cyclase is activated
2. Enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP, acting as a second messenger that activates other enzymes to convert glycogen into glucose
2. Enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP, acting as a second messenger that activates other enzymes to convert glycogen into glucose
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3. Adenlyl cyclase triggers conversion of ATP into cyclic _______ and mono-_______ (cAMP) in cytoplasm
4. increase in cAMP activates protein ______ which phosphorylate other enzymes, converting ______ into glucose
4. increase in cAMP activates protein ______ which phosphorylate other enzymes, converting ______ into glucose
3. Adenlyl cyclase triggers conversion of ATP into cyclic adenosine and mono-phosphate (cAMP) in cytoplasm
4. Increase in cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate other enzymes, converting glycogen into glucose
4. Increase in cAMP activates protein kinases which phosphorylate other enzymes, converting glycogen into glucose
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2 centres in medulla oblongata which control heart rate:
- one increases rate by sending impulses through ________ nervous system, via ________ nerve
- one decreases rate by sending impulses through _________ nervous system, via _____ nerve
- one increases rate by sending impulses through ________ nervous system, via ________ nerve
- one decreases rate by sending impulses through _________ nervous system, via _____ nerve
- one increases rate by sending impulses through sympathetic nervous system, via accelerator nerve
- one decreases heart rate by sending impulses through parasympathetic nervous system, via vagus nervous
- one decreases heart rate by sending impulses through parasympathetic nervous system, via vagus nervous
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What are the names of the 2 types of receptors which provdides information that affects heart rate?
- baroreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
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Baroreceptors (detect pressure):
eg. if a person's blood pressure is low the heart rate needs to ______ to prevent fainting. These receptors are present in the _____, vena cava and ______ arteries
eg. if a person's blood pressure is low the heart rate needs to ______ to prevent fainting. These receptors are present in the _____, vena cava and ______ arteries
eg. if a person's blood pressure is low the heart rate needs to increase to prevent fainting. These receptors are present in the aorta, vena cava and carotid arteries
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Chemoreceptors (detect chemical levels):
eg. detects changes in the levels of _____ _______ in the blood. These receptors are present in the _____, carotid artery and the _______
eg. detects changes in the levels of _____ _______ in the blood. These receptors are present in the _____, carotid artery and the _______
eg. detects changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Theses receptors are present in the aorta, carotid artery and the medulla
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Baroreceptors (more detail):
Blood pressure too high - impulses sent to medulla _______ centre - decreases heart rate - impulses sent along PARAYSYMPATHETIC nervous system to _________ node - decreases heart rate - reduces blood pressure to normal
Blood pressure too high - impulses sent to medulla _______ centre - decreases heart rate - impulses sent along PARAYSYMPATHETIC nervous system to _________ node - decreases heart rate - reduces blood pressure to normal
Blood pressure too high - impulses sent to medulla oblongata centre - decreases heart rate - impulses sent along PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system to sinoatrial node - decreases heart rate - reduces blood pressure to normal
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Blood pressure too low - impulses sent to medulla _______ centre - increases heart rate - impulses sent along SYMPATHETIC nervous system to ________ node - increases heart rate - increases blood pressure to normal
Blood pressure too low - impulses sent to medulla oblongata centre - increases heart rate - impulses sent along SYMPATHETIC nervous system to sinoatrial node - increases heart rate - increases blood pressure to normal
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Chemoreceptors (more detail):
Carbon dioxide levels increase due to increased ________ - blood pH _______ - impulses sent to medulla _______ centre - increases heart rate - impulses to ________ node via SYMPATHETIC nervous system - increases heart rate -
Carbon dioxide levels increase due to increased ________ - blood pH _______ - impulses sent to medulla _______ centre - increases heart rate - impulses to ________ node via SYMPATHETIC nervous system - increases heart rate -
Carbon dioxide increases due to increased respiration - blood pH decreased - impulses sent to medulla oblongata centre - increases heart rate - impulses sent to sinoatrial node via SYMPATHETIC nervous system - increases heart rate - blood flows quicker to
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Pituitary gland:
produces ______ hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. ____-______ hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. __________ controls the development of the ovaries and testes
produces ______ hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. ____-______ hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. __________ controls the development of the ovaries and testes
Back
Produces growth hormone which controls the growth of bones and muscles. Anti-diuretic hormone increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Gonadotrophins controls the development of the ovaries and testes
Card 3
Front
Thyroid gland:
Produces _______ which controls the rate of metabolism and the rate that ______ is used up in respiration
Produces _______ which controls the rate of metabolism and the rate that ______ is used up in respiration
Back
Card 4
Front
Adrenal gland:
Produces _______ which increases heart and breathing rate, raising blood ______ level
Produces _______ which increases heart and breathing rate, raising blood ______ level
Back
Card 5
Front
Pineal gland:
Produces _______ which affects reproductive development and daily cycles
Produces _______ which affects reproductive development and daily cycles
Back
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