History revision cards

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  • Created by: Cara06
  • Created on: 28-02-21 14:05
When was the middle ages/medieval era?
1250-1500
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What was the theory of miasma?
The belief that diseases were caused by bad air. Church supported this as it seemed as though God could send it down.
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What were medieval hospitals like/who were they ran by?
-Majority run by church
-Patients with infectious diseases not allowed
-Mostly for old/poor/travellers.
-Most did not have doctors but a priest with monks/nuns who ran the hospital.
-Focus on 'care not cure'
-They were kept very clean.
-Believed it was u
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Who developed the theory of 4 humors?
Greek physician HIPPOCRATES
(4 humors)
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What did Hippocrates believe the body was made up of and how did he come up with this idea?
Believed the body was made up of 4 humours and came up with this idea as the world is made up of 4 different elements (fire, water, earth, air).
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What is the Hippocratic oath?
An oath (promise) of ethics historically taken by physicians/doctors (even today!)e.g.to treat the ill to the best of ones ability.

Attributed to Greek doctor Hippocrates.
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What did Hippocrates contribute to medicine?
-Encouraged to observe all symptoms of patients and record them.
-Believed that illness had a physical and rational explanation and rejected the supernatural beliefs of the time.
-First physician to accurately describe the symptoms of epilepsy in children
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Who was inspired by Hippocrates and came up with a new theory? What was this theory called?
Galen, the theory of opposites.
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What was the theory of opposites?
The theory that there was the same 4 humours as Hippocrates theory but instead of being given more of the humour that was causing the person to be ill the opposite humour was given.
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Name all 4 humours he believed in and what seasons they represented.
-Phlegm=winter
-Blood=spring
-Yellow bile=summer
-Black bile=autumn
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How did Galen contribute to the world of medicine?
-Discovered that the arteries carry blood (but did not discover circulation)
-Wrote many books and spread scientific ideas.
-Believed that doing dissections was very important.
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Name 2 supernatural and 1 natural preventions to illness used in the middle ages.
Supernatural:
-Praying
-Do not sin
Natural:
-4 humours
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What did medieval people believed caused disease?
-Evil spirits
-natural disaster(seen as unlucky)
-Astrology(if planets/stars aligned it would make you ill)
-Miasma
-4 humours
-God sent illness down if you sinned.
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Name a supernatural treatment used and a natural treatment used in medieval England (middle ages)
Supernatural:
-Flagellation
-Praying
Natural:
-Bloodletting.
-Herbal remedies.
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What was the role of women (medically) during the middle ages?
-Know use of medical herbs.
-Skilled in simple first aid.
-Deliver babies
-Could train as a midwife with bishops opinion.
-Use charms/spells
-Not allowed to be physicians.
-cheap.
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What was the role of barber surgeons in the middle ages?
-Perform basic surgery such as amputating limbs, used no anaesthetic or antiseptic, very low success rate for surgery.
-Cheapest surgery available.
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What was the role of apothecaries in medieval England?
Chemists- mixed and sold their own medicines, a shop. If you were sick, go to them and they will figure out what you need.
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What was the role of a physician during medieval England?
Advise and prescribe medicine. Charged for their services and only the rich could afford them, work was based on a very poor knowledge of human anatomy.
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When was the black death?
1348-1349= black death
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What did people believed caused the black death?
-God sent to punish for sins.
-Miasma
-Supernatural reasons.
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What did people use as a treatment during the Black Death?
-Pilgrimages at the tombs of saints.
-Services were ordered in every church at least once a day, in which people prayed for forgiveness.
-Activities that might be insulting to God were ended e.g. stopped wrestling matches in churches
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What did people do to prevent the black death?
-Carried sweet smelling herbs or lit fires to overpower the black death.
-Kept the air moving by ringing bells or keeping birds to fly around the house.
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Name some factors that impacted medicine in the medieval era.
-Church: controlled everything published and band dissection also would only publish medical theories which fitted in with the idea of god.
-Not many people could read/write so not much was documented.
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When was the renaissance?
1500-1700
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Name some beliefs of causes of disease in the renaissance
-4 humours
-Miasma
Still believed in supernatural reasons but science was beginning to become more accepted.
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What was the age of enlightenment?
Looking for logical and rational explanations - from politics, history and science.
Began to move away from supernatural/religious explanations.
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Who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do?
-An English physician who discovered that each disease is different and it is important to identify the exact disease so the correct remedy was given.
-Discovered Sydenham's cholera.
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What is Thomas Sydenham's famous book called and what is it about?
Observations Medicae,1676
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When was the printing press invented?
1440
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Who was Andreas Versalius?
Born in Belgium, he was famous for doing dissections on executed criminals to show that Galen's understanding of the body was wrong.
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Where was Versalius a professor of surgery at?
The university of Padua
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How did Versalius encourage doctors/the world of medicine?
Doctors encouraged to do dissections themselves after his work.
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Name 2 of versalius's books and when they wer epublished.
-Six anatomical pictures, 1538
-Fabric of the human body,1543✅
the last one had images based on his disections.
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Who was William Harvey?
An English Physician who challenged Galen's understanding of blood and how it circulated around the body.
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What things did Harvey contribute to the world of medicine?
-Showed that the heart was a pump for blood in the body.
-Showed bloodletting was not effective.
-Theory of circulation was the first first step towards blood transfusions.
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How did Harvey show that blood could only flow one way through the body?
He used valves.
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Where did William Harvey study/ what did he study?
Studied medicine at the university of padua.
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When was the university of Padua founded?
1222
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How did hospitals change in the Renaissance?
-Specialist hospitals are set up.
-Dissolution of monasteries (1536) changed them a lot, less hospitals, the ones still open were funded by charities.
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Who was Louis Pasteur and what did he do?
He was a scientist who studied microorganisms like bacteria. He discovered pasteurization, vaccines, and proved that germs cause disease.
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Who was Robert Koch and what did he do?
One of the founders of bacteriology and microbiology. Koch worked on anthrax and tuberculosis (TB) and he further developed the work of Louis Pasteur.
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What did Florence Nightingale do?
She helped create the modern techniques of nursing. She became a leader of the team of nurses who helped wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
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What was Florence Nightingale's book called?
Notes on nursing.
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When was the college of physicians founded?
1518
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When was the royal society founded?
28th of November 1660
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When did Pasteur publish his germ theory?
1861
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Who was James Simpson?
He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform on humans and helped to popularise the drug's use in medicine.
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Who was Joseph Lister and what did he do?
Discovered antiseptics, used carbolic acid to kill bacteria.
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Who was Edward Jenner and what did he do?
English scientist and is famous for his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. This was the first successful vaccine ever to be developed
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Who was John Snow and what did he do?
Dr John Snow studied the spread of cholera in the Broad Street area. He noticed that the victims had all drank water from the pump in the street. He persuaded local officials to stop people using the pump and the number of cases fell rapidly.

By observat
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What and when was the public health act?
This was in 1875 and forced councils to carry out improvements. These included the provision of clean water, proper drainage and sewage systems and the appointment of a Medical Officer of Health in every area.
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When was the microscope invented?
1590
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was the theory of miasma?

Back

The belief that diseases were caused by bad air. Church supported this as it seemed as though God could send it down.

Card 3

Front

What were medieval hospitals like/who were they ran by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who developed the theory of 4 humors?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Hippocrates believe the body was made up of and how did he come up with this idea?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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nickofernandes

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thanks for info

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