histology

Why are tissue samples fixated?

stablise proteins among them insoluable, hardens tissue, halts enzymes, maintains tissue as a life-like

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4 factors effect fixation?

1) Temp,ph,osmolarity, and volume of tissue

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1) What a common used fixative?

1) Formalin

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1) The three stages of tissue processing?

1) Dehydration, clearing, wax infiltration

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1) The process of dehydatraion?

1) Removes fixative, water and replaces with dehydrating fluid

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The three tpes of dehydrating agents?

1) Ethanol, methanol and acetone

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1) What does clearing agent do?

1) Replaces the dehydrating fluid with something that is miscible with both agents

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1) Whats a cryosection?

1) Water-rich tissues are hardened by freezing

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1) What happens to the blastula?

1) Undergoes gastrulation to form a gastrula, which composed of layers that will develop into different body parts

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1) What are the four major tissue types?

1) Connective, muscle, epithelial, nerve

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1) 5 functions of connective tissue?

1) Structural support, binds tissues together, protection, insulation, transporting substances

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1) What are the three major components of connective tissue and their components?

1) Ground substance- fills spce between cells, medium which solutes can diffuse,cell adhesion, proteoglycans (traping water in various amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance) fibres-three types support and cells

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1) The three types of fibres and functions

1) three types for support,collagen – strong and most abundant, elastic – elastin fibres allows for stretch and recoil, reticular – short highly branched that offer more ‘give’

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1) Name and give function of the 6 types of cells found in connective tissue

1) macrophage – removes dead cells, immune response, fibroblast – secrete ground substance and fibres, lymphocyte – immune response, fat cell – stores nutrients, mast cell – inflammatory response to microorganisms, neutrophil – tissue response to inj

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1) Whats areolar connective tissue and purpose

1) loosely organised, multidirectional fibres of collagen and elastin, great diversity, used in mucous membrandes trachea

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1) What is the structure and function of adipose tissue?

1) provides reserve fuel, insulates, protects organs, closely packed fats cells with nucleus pushed to one side, under skin tissue, around kidneys, breasts

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1) Whats reticular tissue?

1) found in liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow, provides supporting frame work

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1) Dense regular connective tissue? 2) Dense irregular connective tissue?

1) between skeletal muscles and skeleton, ligaments, provides firm attatchment, conducts muscles, positions of bones 2) it is capsules of visceral organs, nerve and muscle sheaths and dermis, provides strength to resist forces, helps prevent overexp

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1) Elsastic connective tissue?

1) allows tissue to recoil, walls of arteries and bronchial tubes

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1) What cells are involved in bone formation?

1) osteocyte – maintains bone tissue, osteoblast – forms bone matrix, osteronic cell – stem cell, osteoclast – resorbs bone

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1) What cells form cartilage?

1) collagen fibres and chondroblasts and then mature to chondrocytes in the lacunae

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1) What cells do bone marrow contain?

1) haematopoietic stem cells (can make myloid and lymphoid cells of the blood), mesenchymal stem cells (multiple cell types) and fat

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1) What are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue?

1) can form sheets/tubes, act as a barrier, can line surfaces, absorption, forms secretory glands, can transport (when as a tube)

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1) Describe the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cell?

1) a biochemical barrier between luminal microbes and gut immyne system, stem cells replces she IECs, antimicrobial proteins and lgA assist in exclusion of microbes

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1) What is transitional epithelium?

1) cells that are able to change shape and are flat, lines hollow organs in the urinary tract

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1) Name five comonents of the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, and subcutaneous fat

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1) Describe the stuctures of skin

1) stratifiled squamous epithelium, deepest leyer receives nutrients and oxygen from dermis and basal layer produces keratin

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1) How are the two ways in which glands are released?

1) site of release – endocrine – in the blood, exocrine – into a duct

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1) What is a microgila?

1) respond to damaged neurons and can transform into macrophages

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1) Describe ependymal cells?

1) line central cavities of the brainand spinal cord

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1) What two cells form the myelin sheaths?

1) oligodendrocytes- in CNS and Schwann – In PNS

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1) What is a neuronophagia?

1) neurone surrounded by microglial cells

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1) Whats an astrocyte?

1) provides nutrients to neurons

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1) What is immunohistochemistry?

1) localise antigens in tissue sections by use of antibodies and its interactions and the something that makes it visualised (fluorescent)

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histology

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