actions that are triggered automatically by contextual cues that have been associated with their performance
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Thorndikes law of effect
Stimulus - Response, Behaviours followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviours followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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model-based
: uses a “model” of how the world works to think ahead towards the best outcome. purposeful, goal directed
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model-free
habitual re-making of the same choices that worked before, without knowing “why”. Habitual, automatic, outcome is not considered
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Dopamine
Creates S-R links. Stimuli are linked to behaviour so that the behaviour is more likely in the future. - is released in basal ganglia when something unexpectedly good happens.
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Schultz W, Apicella P, Ljungberg T (1993)
Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task
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Outcome devaluation
Behaviour has become habitual, is executed without considering the consequences : rat with lever and juice
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Orbitofrontal cortex
damage to this area causes inablity to process outcome devaluation
Vicarious trial and error evidence of goal directedness
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OCD, Gillan, et al. 2014
Participants learned that colours predicted whether they would receive shock to their left or right hand. They could stop the shocks if the pressed a left/right button in time. Outcome devaluation: one stimulator was disconnected, OCD kept pressing
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Tourettes syndrome
chronic phonic and motor tics, between ages of 10 to 14, involves changes to basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex is effectively treated with dopamine antagonists. Unmedicated people show less outcome devaluation
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Thorndikes law of effect
Back
Stimulus - Response, Behaviours followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviours followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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