Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Right and State Crime

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  • Created by: FatCat3
  • Created on: 15-12-22 13:42
what is globalisation?
refers o the interconnectedness of societies
1 of 50
what is the global criminal economy and which sociologist found this?
Held et al found that globalisation of c has led to interconnectedness of c across national boards as it has allowed organised c and created new opportunities for c
2 of 50
which other sociologist found a piece of research into this?
castells found that the global criminal economy was worth over 1 million per annum
3 of 50
list all the new crimes available due to globalisation
-firearms trafficking
-smuggling illegal immigrants
-trafficking in nuclear materials
-trafficking women+children ie prostitution
-sex tourism
4 of 50
continuing w previous card
-trafficking in body parts ie 2000 organs taken from executed criminals
-cryber crimes
-green crimes
-international terrorism
5 of 50
continuing w previous card
-smuggling of legal goods
-trafficking in cultural artefacts
-trafficking in endangered species
-drugs trade ie 400bn made annually at street prices
-money laundering
6 of 50
what is they key thing that should be remembered with specific crimes ie trade?
for supply to occur, demand must be insanely high, they usually come from mc old men, but this supply can go on to help ppl to earn a living ie in Columbia, 20% of population depends on cocaine production for livelihood
7 of 50
what does global risk consciousness create?
why can g.r.c cause m.p?
this creates new insecurities that produces the new mentality of 'r.c' in which risk is seen as global and not tied to only 1 area
-cuz fear of risks come from media which exaggerates view of dangers and creates m.p
8 of 50
what can this then result in?
this can intensify social control at a national level ie uk border control regulations are tough
9 of 50
how does globalisation and capitalism link to c? which sociologist spoke about this?
Taylor argued f had created c in both social classes ie it allows mc to switch manufacturing to LICs to lower costs, which can result in job security, unemployment and poverty for ppl living there
10 of 50
what did thus result in?
deregulation means gov have little control over own economies to create jobs
11 of 50
how can marketisation also encourages ppl to see themselves as individual consumers?
by undermining social cohesion and pretending materialistic lifestyle/culture
12 of 50
what does his increase?
inequality and insecurity, meaning that the poor turn to crime as there are a lack of legit opportunities
13 of 50
give an example of a crime that was committed globally
ie the world bank did an organised crime where they only allowed US, Germany, Britain, Japan, France were given voting rights (out of 186 countries), these bodies then imposed capitalistic ideas on poor countries, allowing big corporations
14 of 50
continuing w previous card
to expand, leaving the poorer countries in debt
15 of 50
what are that patterns of criminal organisations? and which sociologists is associated with this?
Winlows study of bouncers (refer back to chapters if you forget this study)
Hobbs+Dunningham- found the way crime is organised links to economic changes
16 of 50
what is a glocal organisation?
how does this show the change of gang structures?
its a form of g such as drug trade that delivers crime to domestic and international areas that is done through global connections
as prior it was a hierarchal, strict structure but now its flexible, opportunistic
17 of 50
name the evaluations of glocal organisations?
-not clear if patterns are new as older structures haven't disappeared ie the 2 may co-exist
-not generalisable to other criminal activities
18 of 50
give an example of an organisation and which sociologist found this?
McMafia- Glenny found that in Russia this organisation emerged after the fall of communism which included Russian gov being deregulated in most factors of economy except in oil/natural resources, at a sig. less amount then the market price-
19 of 50
continuing w previous card
-and so anyone who haas access to these funds such as secret service could by it for basically nothing and sell them at an astronomical profit abroad that projected their wealth, these capitalists needed protection, and so they hired mafia
20 of 50
what is green crime?
why is it linked to all countries?
this is when the ecosystem is destroyed from ie pollution
as acid rain in 1 country destroys forests run another ie Chernobyl accident can spread radioactive material all over
21 of 50
which sociologist argued about late modernity and global risk society with the environment? what did they say?
that there are no adequate resources for all countries due to the increase in manufactured risk and dangers involved in harming the environment ie using heating release gas emissions ie in Russia 2010, so much heating was used that it caused wildfires
22 of 50
what is green criminology?
what are 2 routes of g criminology?
name the evaluations of the routes of criminology
however, there isn't rlly a crime being commit with pollution so there are 2 routes of criminology
.traditional-no law broken- not a concern
+ clearly defined subject of manner
-accepts official definitions of E issues which are-
23 of 50
continuing w previous card
-shaped by powerful groups
.green/transgressive- anything that causes harm to E, even if no law is broken
+global perspective as it considers what 1 country may think illegal or another country as legal
24 of 50
continuing w previous card
+agrees w marxists view of capitalist industries that exploits environments
-isnt clearly defined to say what is a crime and what isn't
25 of 50
what are the 2 views of harm?
-Anthropocentric- idea humans have right to decide whats needed for their own needs (putting economy before environment)
-Ecocentric- idea that humans and E are interdependent, what harms e also harm humans
26 of 50
what is one type of green crime? and which sociologist is associated with coming up with both types?
list the crimes under the first type
South
Primary- this result from directly the destruction of earths resources
.crimes of air pollution- Walters found 2x as many ppl die from air pollution then 20 yrs ago
27 of 50
continuing w previous card
.crimes of deforestation
.crimes of species and animal abuse- 50 species become extinct a day
.crimes of water pollution-chemicals dumped in rivers/seas, etc
28 of 50
what is the second type of green crime?
list the crimes under the second type
secondary- grows out go breaking rules aimed at preventing/regulating E disasters
.state violence against oppositional groups
.hazardous waste and organised crime- disposing of toxic waste through illegal dumping
29 of 50
name the evalusaitosmn for this
+recognises importance of environmental issues
-focuses too much on broader concepts of harms rather then simply on legally defined crimes as broader crimes are harder to prosecute
30 of 50
what are state crimes and which sociologists are associated with them?
why is this labelled as the most serious crime?
Green+Ward define s.c as an illegal activity perpetuated by state agencies
-scale of state crime has a lot of power and they have the potential to inflict harm
-state is the source of law- they define the law
31 of 50
continuing w previous card
so they can easily get out of crimes towards them
32 of 50
give the 4 categories of state crime and name the sociologist associated with them
1. political crimes ie corruption
2. crimes by security + police forces
3. economic crimes ie official violations
4. Local +cultural crimes- ie institutional racism
33 of 50
give examples/case studies of state crimes
name any sociologists associated with cases
Rwanda genocide case- Hutus came to power and killed 500,000 tutsis
State-corporate crime- ie Nasa cut costs w one of their projects and after 73 secs it blasted and killed 7 astronauts
34 of 50
continuing w previous card
.war crimes- ie illegal wars that can only be executed by certain countries ie US have encouraged war in Afghanistan + Iraq
35 of 50
what are the 4 ways to define state crime? include sociologists
.by domestic law- Chambliss defines acts that break laws
.social harms + Zemiology (study of harms)- Michalowski any acts that has harmful consequences
36 of 50
continuing w previous card
.labelling + societal reaction- societal audience react to any act they think is deviant and label it c
.international law- any law that is broken globally, not just domestic law
37 of 50
name the evaluations of using definitions
-its aa social construction that can determine certain crimes ie power may have control over that
-focuses largely on war/wc crimes, not s.c like corruption
38 of 50
what is human rights in relation to state crimes and which sociologists argued it?
Herman + Schwendinger- s.c should be a violation of basic human rights such as right to freedom, liberty, education, etc
39 of 50
what does another sociologist argue about human rights alongside state crimes
Risse et al, human right violations are virtual across all countries as H.R image is cared about across hall global social norms
40 of 50
name the evaluation of this
-Cohen argued c such as economic exploitation parent evidently criminal, even if morally unacceptable
-what counts as h.r I liberty might be freedom of hunger
41 of 50
what are the different explanations of state crimes?
.the authoritarian personality- Adorno et al, during 2nd world war germans had a.p that forced them to do their horrid actions
.crimes of obedience- s.c can be c of conformity as they need to obey to high status authority figures-
42 of 50
continuing w previous card
-ie a police officer accepting a bribe is conforming to police norms but also breaking the law
.Authorisation- acts ordered or disproved by high authority figures
..routinisation- once committed, strong ppl turn act-
43 of 50
continuing w previous card
-into a routine that individuals perform in a detached manner
.dehumanisation- when enemy is portrayed as sub-humans, the normal principles of authority dont apply
44 of 50
continuing w previous card
.modernity- ie Nazi holocaust represents break down of modern civilisation
.division of labour- each person responsible for 1 task that can cause dissatisfaction
.bureaucratisation- normalised killing by making-
45 of 50
continuing w previous card
-it repetitive so its seen as acceptable and gov dehumanise victims was mere units
.instrumental rationality- rational efficient methods used to achieve a goal regardless of if goals and legitimate or illegitimate
46 of 50
name the evaluations of this
-not all genocides occur through at organised divisions of labour ie Rwanda was carried out with mass large murders
-idealogical factors are also important ie nazi used propaganda that ideologically changed ppls views
47 of 50
what is the culture of denial? name the sociologist associated with this
Alvarez found that in recent years there are growing organisations that place pressure on state but the state responds to them in 3 stages; 1. it didn't happen, 2. if it did happen it's smthn else, 3. even if that happened, its justified
48 of 50
whats legitimacy of neutralisation? name the sociologist associated with this and what are the steps included in this
Cohen says states can justify behaviour by;
.denial or victim
.denial of responsibility
.condemning the condemners- 'they're disapproving us cuz THEY are...'
49 of 50
continuing w previous card
.appeal to high loyalty
as a result this N.T normalises torture and allows state to deny an event has occurred
50 of 50

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the global criminal economy and which sociologist found this?

Back

Held et al found that globalisation of c has led to interconnectedness of c across national boards as it has allowed organised c and created new opportunities for c

Card 3

Front

which other sociologist found a piece of research into this?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

list all the new crimes available due to globalisation

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

continuing w previous card

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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