The sheer force of the water hitting the bed and banks.
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Abrasion
The load of the river is carrying repeatedly hits the river bed and the banks, causing some of the material to break off.
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Attrition
The stones and boulders carried by the river knock against each other and over time are weakened, causing bits to fall off and reduce in size.
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Solution
Occurs only when the river flows on certain types of rock, such as chalk and limestone; these are soluble in rainwater and become part of the water as they are dissolved by it.
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Traction
The method used for moving the largest material. This is too heavy to lose contact with the bed so material such as boulders are moved along.
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Saltation
Moves the small stones and grains of sand by bouncing them along the bed. This lighter load leaves the river bed in a hopping motion.
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Suspension
A means of carrying very fine material within the water so that in floats in the river and is moved as it flows.
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Deposition
The river dumps or leaves behind material that it has been carrying.
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Long profile
This shows how the river changes in height along its course.
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Meander
A bend or curve in the river channel.
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Interception
Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass.
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Surface Storage
Water held on the ground surface eg. puddles.
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Infiltration
Water sinking into soil/rock from the ground surface.
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Soil moisture
Water held in the soil layer.
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Percolation
Water seeping deeper below the surface.
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Groundwater
Water stored in the rock.
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Transpiration
Water lost through pores in vegetation.
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Evaporation
Water lost from ground/vegetation surface.
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Surface run-off
Water flowing on top of the ground.
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Throughflow
Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface.
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Groundwater flow
Water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the surface.
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Water table
Current upper level of saturated rock soil where no more water can be absorbed.
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Accumulation
Inputs to the glacier budget, such as snowfall and avalanches.
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Ablation
Outputs from the glacier budget such as melting.
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Snout
The front of a glacier.
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Glacier budget
The balance between the inputs and outputs of a glacier.
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Abrasion
A process of erosion involving the wearing away of the valley floor and sides.
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Plucking
A process of glacial erosion where individual rocks are plucked from the valley floor or sides as water freezes them to the glacier.
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Rotational Slip
Slippage of ice along a curved surface.
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Moraine
Sediment carried and deposited by ice.
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Bulldozing
The pushing of deposited sediment at the snout by the glacier as it advances.
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Hummock
A small area of raised ground, rather like a large molehill.
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Corrie
A deep depression on a hillside with a steep back wall, often containing a lake.
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Arete
A knife-edged ridge often formed between two corries.
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Pyramidal Peak
A sharp-edged mountain peak.
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Glacial Trough
A wide, steep-sided valley eroded by a glacier.
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Truncated Spur
An eroded interlocking spur characterised by having a very steep cliff.
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Hanging valley
A tributary glacial trough perched up on the side of a main valley, often marked by a waterfall.
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Ribbon Lake
A long narrow lake in the bottom of a glacial trough.
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Lateral Moraine
A ridge of frost-shattered sediment running along the edge of a glacier where it meets the valley side.
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Medial Moraine
A ridge of sediment running down the centre of a glacier formed when two lateral moraines merge.
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Terminal Moraine
A high ridge running across the valley representing the maximum advance of a glacier.
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Drumlin
An egg-shaped hill found on the floor of a glacial trough.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The load of the river is carrying repeatedly hits the river bed and the banks, causing some of the material to break off.
Back
Abrasion
Card 3
Front
The stones and boulders carried by the river knock against each other and over time are weakened, causing bits to fall off and reduce in size.
Back
Card 4
Front
Occurs only when the river flows on certain types of rock, such as chalk and limestone; these are soluble in rainwater and become part of the water as they are dissolved by it.
Back
Card 5
Front
The method used for moving the largest material. This is too heavy to lose contact with the bed so material such as boulders are moved along.
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