Geography paper 1 Physical

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What is longshore drift?
the movement of material along a coastline due to the angled approach of waves
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What is sediment?
small framents of rock and soil, that form layer
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What is freeze-thaw weathering?
when water freezes in the gaps in rocks causing the rock to expand and break
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What is a porous rock?
a rock that contains holes
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What is a permeable rock?
a rock that allows water to pass through it
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What is rockfall?
when bits of rock fall off a cliff face
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What is mudflow?
when saturated soil moves downslope
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What is landslide?
when large bits of rock slide downhill
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What is rotational slip?
when saturated soil slumps down a curved surface
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What is hydraulic action?
when air and water become trapped in joints of a cliff. When the waves break, the air compresses and weakens the rock, causing it to break apart
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What is abrasion?
when rock and sand in water, a rethrown onto cliffs and beaches acting like sandpaper to grind down the cliff's surface
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What is attrition?
when rocks and pebbles hit against one another, breaking into smaller and smoother particles
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What is solution?
when acids within sea dissolve some types of rock, easily erroding them
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What is traction?
the movement of large particles, by rolling them across the sea bed
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What is saltation?
When small pebbles or stones are bounced along sea bed
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What is suspension?
When fine light materials are carried along in flow of water, which can make it look cloudy
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What is hard engineering?
building artificial structures which try to control natural processes
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What is a sea wall?
a concrete wall placed at foot of cliff to prevent erosion, that are curved to reflect energy back into the sea
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What are the advantages of a sea wall?
they are effective at protecting the base of the cliff and usually have promenades
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What are the disadvantages of a sea wall?
waves are still powerful and can erode the sea wall, they are expensive £2,000 per metre
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What is rip rap?
large boulders placed at foot of cliff, they break waves and absorb energy
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What are the advantages of rip rap?
they are cheaper than the sea wall and easier to maintain
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What are the disadvantages of rip rap?
it is different to local geology as rocks have to be imported and are therefore expensive to transport
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What are gabions?
rocks held in mesh cages and placed in areas affected by sea errosion
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What is an advantage of gabions?
they are cheap (£100 per metre) and they absorb wave energy
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What is a disadvantage of gabions?
they are jot strong and they look unnatural
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What are groynes?
wooden or rock structures at right angles to the sea
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What are the advantages of groynes?
they build a beach which encourages tourism and they trap sediment carried by longshore drift
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What are the disadvantages of groynes?
they starves beaches further down coastline and they are unattractive
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What is soft engineering?
a more sustainable and natural approach to managing a beach
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What is beach nourishment?
when sand is pumped onto existing beach to build it up
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What is an advantage of beach nourishment?
blends with existing beach, larger beach is more appealing for tourism
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What is a disadvantage of beach nourishment?
sand needs to be constantly replaced and sand has to be imported
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What is reprofiling?
when sediment is redistributed from the lower part of the beach to the upper part of the beach
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What is an advantage of reprofiling?
it is cheap and simple and reduces energy of waves
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What is a disadvantage of reprofiling?
it only works when wave energy is low and it needs to be repeated constantly
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What is dune nourishment?
when marram grass is planted on sand dunes to stabilise dunes and help to trap sand to build them up
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What is an advantage of dune nourishment?
it is relatively cheap and maintains a natural looking coastline
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What is a disadvantage of dune nourishment?
it can be damaged by storm waves and areas have to be zoned-off from public
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How are offshore reefs made?
old tryes and cement can be placed in the intertidal zone parallel to the coast to create offshore reefs
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What do offshore reefs do?
They encourage waves to break offshore which reduces the energy of the wave which reaches the shoreline and therefore causes less erosion.
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What are the advantages of offshore reefs?
They only partly disrupt natural marine ecosystems, rocks create intertidal habitat for marine wildlife
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What is a disadvantage of offshore reefs?
They cause navigation hazrads and dont look attractive at low tide,they can also disrupt recreational usage of beach
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What is managed retreat?
It is the controlled flooding of low lying coastal areas, that occurs where land is of low value form example farm land
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What are the advantages of managed retreat?
cheap option rather than sea defences, create salt marshes which provides a habitat for wildlife and a natural sea defence against erosion and flooding
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Whatare the disadvantage of managed retreat?
land is lost as it is reclaimed by the sea, land owners therefore need to be compensated
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is sediment?

Back

small framents of rock and soil, that form layer

Card 3

Front

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a porous rock?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a permeable rock?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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