Gastrointestinal diseases

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 22-04-19 16:43
what is the pathophysiology of periodontal disease
gingivitis progresses to peridontal ligament and bone, as infection worsens, increased periodontal pocket depth and loosing of periodontal ligament
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what may peridontal disease progress to
tooth loss, tooth root abscesses and visible tooth furcation (bone loss)
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3 clinical signs of periodontal disease
halitosis, gingivitis, bleeding from mouth
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treatment of periodontal disease
antibiotic, extraction, analgesia, soft food
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what are the characteristics of oral neoplasia
epulis - benign oral masses, growth from gingival surface
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3 clinical signs of oral neoplasia
salivation, dysphagia, halitosis
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treatment of oral neoplasia
surgical removal where possible
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what are the two types of mandibular fracture
fracture of mandibular ramus or symphyseal separation
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3 clinical signs of mandibular fractures
dysphagia/reluctant to eat, misalignment of jaw, swelling/wounds/bleeding around mouth
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treatment of mandibular fracture
surgical stabilisation , nutritional support and analgesia
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what is mega oesophagus
abnormal enlargement of oesophagus, oesophagus muscle loses strength the unable to perform peristalsis effectively
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what are the two cause of megaoesophagus
congenital, aquired
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what are the two congenital causes of megaoesophagus
retained embryonic right aortic arch - entraps oesophagus around heart base, congenital myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)
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what are the three acquired causes of megaoesophagus
myasthenia gravis, toxicities, neoplasia
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2 clinical signs of megaoesophagus
regurgitation leading to weight loss, risk of aspiration pneumonia if regurgitation ingesta inhaled
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no treatment or cure - manage to prevent aspiration pneumonia
feed from a height, roll food into balls
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what is oesophagitis/oesophageal stricture
excessive scarring results in stricture which prevent passage of food
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what is the common cause of oesohpageal stricture
gastroesophageal reflux
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2 clinical signs of esophageal stricture
dysphagia, regurgitation
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what is the treatment for esophageal stricture
bougienage (balloon inflation) but can cause rupture
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what is the pathophysiology of vomiting
initiated and coordinated by vomiting centre in brain, receives in put from -sensors within GI tract , chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) in brain, vestibular apparatus in inner ear, cerebral cortex
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what is primary vomiting
originating directly from GI structures
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what is secondary vomiting
structures outside of GI tract stimulating CRTZ e.g. pyometra, hepatitis, drug toxicity
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what is the treatment for vomiting
aimed at root cause by symptomatic needed, anti-emetics, IVFT
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what is acute gastritis
inflammation of the stomach due to damage of the gastric mucosa
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6 causes of acute gastritis
dietary indiscretion, food sensitivities, drug administration, parasites, viral diseases and toxins
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what is the treatment of acute gastritis
symptomatic treatment for vomiting, may result in gastric ulcers- vomitus may contain blood (hematemesis)
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what is pyloric stenosis
obstructive narrowing of the pyloric region of stomach causing gastric retention, often secondary to hyper trophic gastropathy, can be congenital esp. brachycephalic
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2 clinical signs of pyloric stenosis
chronic vomiting usually few hours after eating, weight loss
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treatment of pyloric stenosis
surgical reconstruction, feed small frequent meals, highly digestible diet
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What is Gastric dilation volvulus GDV
dilation of the stomach with gas then twisting of the stomach on its axis
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what is the pathophysiology of GDV
outflow of stomach prevented, blood flow to stomach affected, spleen may become entrapped, enlarged stomach causes compression of vena cava pairs venous return leading to hypokalemic shock
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3 clinical signs of GDV
unproductive vomitng, hyper salivation, distended, tympanic abdo
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treatment of GDV
stabilisation - IV, o2, decompression stomach - stomach tube, surgical treatment
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what is malabsorption
inability of small intestine to absorb nutrients
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3 clinical sons of malabsorption
signs of deficiency despite correct diet, low body weight/condition, diarrhoea
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what is maldigestion and what is it caused by
the body fails to break down food, usually caused by lack of suitable digestive enzymes
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management of malabsorption and maldigestion
diets containing highly digestible protein and carbohydrates, low in fats
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what os the pathogenesis of diarrhoea
inflammation of mucosa causes increased impermeability and fluid to leak into the lumen, presence of unabsorbed nutrients in the intestines causes osmosis to draw water in, loss of fluid usually die to bacterial toxins caused by hyper secretion
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what are the 2 types of causes of diarrhoea
primary (in GI tract) or secondary (outside GI tract)
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diarrhea can be acute or chronic what do these mean
acute-sudden onset, chronic - longer than 3 weeks
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what are the two types of intestinal foreign bodies
simples, linear
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what are signs and treatment of simple foreign bodies
vomiting, abdo pain etc, treatment via surgery and enterotomy or enterectomy
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what is a linear foreign body
caused by long object, part anchored in proximal GI tract, usually under tongue
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what is the characteristics of a linear foreign body
intestines become bunched around object, can cut through intestinal mucosa, prognosis poor in intestine perforated.
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what is intussusception
inversion of one portion of intestines within another
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what is intussusception secondary to
intestinal inflammation and disturbed motility e.g. FB, diarrhea, parasties
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what does intussusception cause and what are the sings
intestinal obstruction - abdo pain, comptine, diarrhoea
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treatment of intussusception
surgical resection, if badly damaged and adhesion formed a resection and end to end anastomosis required
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what is inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammatory condition of the stomach, small int +/- large int
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what are the predisposing factors of inflammatory bowel disease
dietary sensitivity, autoimmune disease, drug allergies, infections, genetics
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4 sings of inflammatory bowel disease
frequent diarrhoea, anorexia, chronic vomiting, melaena (digested blood in stools)
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treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
amigo reduce inflammation, easily digestible diet - hypoallergenic protein, antibiotics and corticosteroids
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what is ileus
gut stasis
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what care the 5 causes of ileus
obstructions, infection , after abdominal surgery, spinal paralysis, neurological conditions
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what is colitis
inflammation of the colon
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what are the three cause of colors
diet, infection, IBD
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what ate the signs of colts
diarrhoea=/- tenesmus, mucus, haematochezia
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diagnose of colitis
inital period of starvation, high fibre diet, de-worming
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what is megacolon
abnormal dissension of colon and loss of motility, results in consiptaion or obstipation
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signs of megacolon
tenesmus, abdo pain, anorexia
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treatment of megacolong
stabilisation - ressorte fluids and acid base balance, enema, faecal softeners, increased dietary fibers
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Card 2

Front

what may peridontal disease progress to

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tooth loss, tooth root abscesses and visible tooth furcation (bone loss)

Card 3

Front

3 clinical signs of periodontal disease

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

treatment of periodontal disease

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are the characteristics of oral neoplasia

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