Exotics Diseases

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  • Created by: Cal1234
  • Created on: 12-04-19 12:39
what are the 8 diseases that can affect rabbits and guinea pigs
respiratory disease, dental disease, gut stasis (ileus), myiasis, urolithiasis and bladder sludge, scurvy (hypovitaminosis C), antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia, viral disease of rabbits (myxomatosis and VHD)
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What is respiratory disease of rabbits
pasteurella multocida
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what is the respiratory disease of guineapigs
bordetella bronchisepta and streptococcus
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what are the clinical signs of respiratory disease
anorexia, weightless, lethargy, nasal and ocular discharge, sneezing and increased URT noise, head tilt, pneumonia and dyspnoea, pasteurellosis in rabbits, may also cause abscesses through out RT and septicemia
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how is respiratory diseases transmitted
direct contact, aerosols, fomites
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what is the treatments of respiratory diseases
antibiotic therapy, supportive, barrier nurse, many infections chronic with poor prognosis
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what type of teeth do rabbit and rodents have
open-rooted (aradicluar hyposodont dentition) that grow throughout life
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what are the most common causes of dental disease
congenital, traumatic and secondary to poor diet
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what does anorexia lead to
secondary ileus
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what is ileus
loss of gastric and intestinal motility
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what does ileus occur secondary too
stress, pain, anaesthesia, diets high in carbs and low in fibre
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what are the clinical signs of ileus
anorexia an lethargy, faeces - decreased, small, dry, abdominal dissension, dehydration
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what is the treatment of ileus
analgesia, reduce stress, IVFT, pro kinetics, syringe feeding, exercise
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monitoring for ileus
food consumption, water intake, faecal and urine output, bodyweight, pain
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what are the flies that cause myiasis and why
dipteran flies, commonly blowflies, attracted to smell of urine faeces or wounds
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what causes myiasis
eggs hatch into larvae which consume living tissue
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what are the predisposing factors of myiasis and what are they related to
related to inability to groom and eat caecotrophs - obesity, paralysis, arthritis
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what are the clinical signs of myiasis
often present suddenly, depressed, collapsed, maggots present
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what is the treatment of myiasis
IVFT, analgesia and antibiotics, manual removal of larvae, insecticide treatment
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what species does bladder sludge usually effect and why
rabbits due to their calcium metabolism
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what species does uroliths tend to affect and why
guinea-pigs, tend to be formed of calcium carbonate/ozalate
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what are the clinical signs of bladder lsudge/urolithiasis
haematuria, dysuria, strang uria, pollakuria, lethargy, anorexia, may become obstructed (anuria)
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what is the treatment of urolithiasis and bladder slug
usually require cystotomy, reduction of calcium in diet, increased water intake
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what species does scurvy (hypovitaminosis C) and why
guineapigs as they lack enzyme needed to synthesis vitamin C
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what are the causes of scurvy
improper iet, stale food , causes defects in collagen synthesis and blood clotting
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what are the clinical signs of scurvy
occur 1-2 weeks after deficiency, relucantnt to move, painful, enlarged joints, anorexia, ill groom, hemorrhaged, anaemia
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what is the treatment of scurvy
administration of vit C for 1-2 weeks, ensure correct food storage and use within 90 days
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what is the pathophysiology of antibiotic-associated enterotoxaemia
causes disruption of normal gut flora which usually outcompete harmful bacteria, harmful bacteria proliferate and produce toxins
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what are the clinical sings of antibiotic - associated enterotoxemia
diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, may result in death
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what is the treatment of antibiotic associated enterotoxemia
avoid giving penicillins and cephatosporins, cease antibiotic treatment, IVFT, analgesia, probiotics and assisted feeding
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what are the two diseases hat affect birds
respiratory disease, feather plucking
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what are the 5 causes of respiratory disease
bacterial infection - chlamydopila psittacosaurus, viral infection - avian influenza, fungal infection - aspergillus fumigatus, parasitic infection - gapeworm, toxins - teflon and smoke inhalation
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clinical signs of respiratory disease
lethargy, reduced appetite, weight loss, sneezing, dyspnoea, mouth breathing
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what is the treatment of bird respiratory disease
treat underlying infection, antibiotics or antifungals, mucolytics, nebulisers
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what are the causes of feather plucking
ectoparasites, endoparasites, skin infectious, hormonal, pain
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what is the management of feather plucking
treat underlying cause if possible, environment enrichments, neck collars, behavioral modification and training
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what are the two diseases of reptiles
dysecdysis, metabolic bone disease
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what is dysecdysis
failure of normal skin mount (ecdysis) occurs in snakes and sometimes lizards
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causes of dysecdysis
husbandry - low humidity, cool, lack of abrasive surfaces, dehydration, malnutrition, old scars, sever ectoparasite infection
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what areas may dysecdysis constrict
toes and tail tips, retained spectacle in snakes
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treatment of dysedysis
skin requires moistening and rehydration before manually removing
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what is metabolic bone disease common in
common in young growing lizards and chelonia on a calcium deficient diet
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what usually causes metabolic bone disease
calcium deficient diet, compounded with vitamin D or UV light deficiency
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what does metabolic bone disease resulting
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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clinical signs n lizards
weak and lethargic, unable to support weight, swollen limbs,
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clinical sings in chelonians
soft, pyramid shaped shell
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prevention of metabolic bone disease
adequate provision of UVB light, calcium supplementation, avoid oxalate containing veg e.g. spinach and beetroot tops, avoid fruits as low calcium
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what are the 8 diseases of horses
strangle, laminitis, colic, skin tumors, sweet itch, mud fever, hay fever, cushings
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what causes strangles
streptococcus equi
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transmission of strangles
direct contact, fomites, aerosol
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what is the pathophysiology of strangles
damaged mucosa in URT, invade local lymph nodes causing accesses, may become systemic causing accesses at remote sites, persistent infections may become established in guttural pouches resulting in asymptomatic carriers
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clinical signs of stranfles
pyrexia, depression, inappetence, dysphagia, mucopuruent nasal discharge, coughing, lymphadenopathy
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diagnosis of strangles
clinical signs suggestive especially abscesses, bacterial culture from nasa and nasopharyngeal swabs
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treatment of strangles =
isolate and barrier nurse, anti-inflammatories, hot baking abscesses, wet and soft diet, water ad-lib, surgical drainage of abscesses may be required
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what is the pathophysiology of laminitis
inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the hoof causing sever pain, commonly occurs in more than one foot, forelimbs more commonly affected
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clinical signs of laminitis
reluctant to move, increased time lying down, shifts weigh to heal of foot, increased digital pulses, heat in affected feet
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causes of laminitis
overdoes of corticosteroids, equine metabolic syndrome (obesity and insulin resistance) cushings, excessive weight bearing, systemic infection
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management of laminitis
box rest, reduced feeding, NSAIDS frog support shoes, cooling feet, grazing management
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what are most colic cases due to
alimentary disease
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what percentage of colic cases do not require surgical intervention
90%
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predisposing factors of colic
exercise and excitement, diet, inactivity, parasitism
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management of colic,
analgesics and spasmolytics, siet, hay and bran mashes, impactions usually require laxatives, fluids and exercise to improve motility, anthelmintics
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what are the two types of skin tumors of horses
sarcoids, melanomas
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what are sarcoids
the most common skin tumor, fibroblastic skin tumours
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what are sarcoids more common in
young horses, bovine papillomas implicated in development of sarcoids
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what are the six main types of sarcoids
verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, occult, malevolent/malignant, mixed
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where are sarcoid usually found
round the eyes, chest and inguinal, high incidence of recurrence
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what are melanomas more common in
grey horses
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where are melanomas usually found
in perianal area, under tail and around anus
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what doe melanomas cause
interfrance with defecation, removal difficult
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what is sweet itch
hypersensitivity to saliva of biting midges, seasonal, sever pruritis along mane and tail head - extensive self inflicted damage and alopecia
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management of sweet itch
topical fly repellants, protective drugs, stable and dawn and dusk to reduce midge exposure
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what percentage do mud fever and switch account for all equinox's skin diseases in UK
53
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what is the pathophysiology of mud fever
bacteria dermatitis (dermatophilus spp +/- cellulitis on immunocompressed animals kept outside during winter on wet season
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crusty, exudative and sometimes with purulent discharge on pastern or over trunk (rain scald)
...
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Treatment of mud fever
clean areas and remove crusts, maintain dry, clipping , waterproof creams
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what percentage of respiratory problems does hay fever (RAO) account for in UK
80
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what three things is hay fever also known as
heaves, COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and RAO - recurrent airway obstruction
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what is hayfever
hypersensitivity that causes bronchospasm and airway inflammation leading to exercise intolerance and sever dyspnoea
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what is hay fever more common in
older horses - improves when turned out
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clinical signs of heat fever
BAR, dyspnoea, increased expiratory effort, heave line, nostril flare, coughing, horses stand with limbs extended
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treatment of hay fever
turnut as much as poss, soaked hay, food from floor, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mucolytics when needed
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what is equine cushings also known as
pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction
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what is more common in
elderly horses
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clinical signs of equine cushings
hirsutism excessive hair growth). PUPD, lethargy, laminitis, abnormal body shape, excessive sweating, dental infections
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diagnosis of equine cushing disease
baseline ACTH, TRH stim test
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treatment of equine cushing
pergolide PO, treatment of laminitis/dental problems etc clipping until acth under control
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Card 2

Front

What is respiratory disease of rabbits

Back

pasteurella multocida

Card 3

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what is the respiratory disease of guineapigs

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the clinical signs of respiratory disease

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how is respiratory diseases transmitted

Back

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