What did Harlow's (1959) Rhesus Monkey study show?
that although the wire monkey provided the food, they preferred the cloth monkey for socialisation and protection
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What age group is the loneliest?
adolescence and young adults
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What did Baumeister & Leary (1995) find?
An evolutionary basis for seeking relationships
The need to belong is universal
The need to belong guides social cognition
The need to belong is satiable
There will be profound negative consequences if the need is not met
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What are the types of social support?
emotional
evaluation
information
instrumental
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What are the reasons for affiliating?
Hill (1987)
reduce uncertainty through comparing with others
be positively stimulated
obtain confirmation and recognition
receive emotional support
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What are the consequences of a lack of social support?
Mortality rates higher for single (divorced, unmarried, and widowed) people
Psychological problems more common in divorced people Suicide rates higher for divorced people
Cancer patients who belong to a support group survive longer
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What did Schachter (1959) study and find?
Participants told they would be given shocks
1⁄2 were told the shocks would be strong (high anxiety condition), 1⁄2 were told the shocks would be weak (low anxiety condition)
They were given the option of waiting alone or with others
More anxious (and peo
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What is the Relational Self Theory?
Andersen & Chen (2002)
Relational selves are build in interactions (together with associated beliefs, feelings, etc.)
People who remind us of prior significant others activate these relational selves
We start behaving and feeling towards them as we did to
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What are the three types of attachments?
Mary Ainsworth (1970)
- secure
- avoidant
- anxious
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What are the two types of relationships?
Clark and Mills (1993)
exchange relationship = no responsibility, equity/reciprocity, e.g., strangers, work
communal relationships = mutual responsibility, needs principle, care shown both ways, e.g., family
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What is the social exchange theory?
Homan (1958)
Maximisation of own utility (rewards exceeding costs)
Satisfaction depends on comparison level
(past, significant others (friends, parents), perceived options)
people look for empathy, money and looks
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What is the Imago theory/therapy?
Hendrix and Hunt (1970)
Explains why we choose a specific partner Resemblance with our parents
Chance to heal childhood wounds
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What factors foster interpersonal attraction?
Proximity/ Exposure
Similarity (more so than complementarity) Reciprocal liking
Physical attractiveness
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define the Halo Effect
a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.
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What did Dutton and Aron (1974) study and find?
Participants were told that they would be given electrical shocks
A female confederate was present
Men who expected severe rather than light shocks thought the woman was more attractive!
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What are physically attractive features
Average faces
Babyishness
Large eyes, small nose for F
Strong jaw for M
Bilateral symmetry
Waist to Hips Ratio
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What is the matching hypothesis?
Goffman (1952)
Relationship aspiration =
desire for goal + perceived probability of goal attainment
Levels of physical attractiveness between partners and friends tends to match (Forgas, ’93)
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What are the two types of love?
Passionate = intense longing, physiological arousal, feelings of great fulfilment and ecstasy when reciprocated
Companionate = intimacy and affection, deep care for the other, not necessarily passion or arousal in their presence
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What is Sternberg‘s triangular theory of love (1986)?
- commitment
- intimacy
- passion
I+P=romantic/ passionate love
I+C= companionate love
I, P + C = consummate love
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What did Feldman (1998) show?
50% of marriages end in divorce. There are differences in marital dissatisfaction across different cultures/countries, depending on a range of factors such as the religious implications of the country. For example, in the Catholic Church it is still large
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What did Zagefka and Bahul (2021) show?
That when mind reading is expected, belief in destiny and aversion to disagreement, there is relationship satisfaction
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What are predictors of marital dissatisfaction?
Neuroticism
Sensitivity to rejection
Lower SES
Financial and work-related problems
Negative attribution patterns
Marrying at young age
Lack of conflict-management styles
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What did Gottman & Levenson (1992) study and find?
The way couples interact can be a powerful predictor of dissatisfaction and divorce
Harmful behaviours:
◦ Criticism
◦ Defensiveness
◦ Stonewalling (refusal to deal with problems)
◦ Contempt
93% predictive accuracy over 14 yrs in Indiana study
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Why was Rusbult's Model of Relationship (1980) developed and what did it find?
it was developed to understand why people in abusive relationships go back to their abuser. He found that they weigh up the rewards, alternatives, investments (how much they have already put into the relationship e.g., do you own part of the house, do yo
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