Soc- Interpersonal relationships
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 22-12-21 12:00
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- Factors related to the target (person potentially attracted to)
- Interpersonal relations
- Definition: desire to approach another individual to seek them out for interaction. Critical to: friendships and romantic relationships
- Factors related to the perceiver (person observing target)
- Proximity
- Festinger et al (1950)- students in housing units, 2/3 of closest friends in the same blosck and floor, proximity predicts attraction
- Familiarity
- Mere exposure effect (Zajonc 1968)- repeated exposure increases attraction, implications for advertising and campaigning
- Gush et al (1978) success in political campaigns predicted by amount of media exposure, however if something is persistently see it can become disliked
- doesn't work for those initially perceived negatively
- Mere exposure effect (Zajonc 1968)- repeated exposure increases attraction, implications for advertising and campaigning
- Anxiety
- Schachter (1959)- college students told theyd recieve electric shocks as part of a physiological experiment, high anxiety- 63% opted to wait with someone compared to 33%
- Romantic realtionships
- Passionate love
- state of intense longing for another person
- Neuropsychology
- increased dopamine- arousal
- increased activity in caudate nucleus (Fisher 2004)- reward/ pleasure
- Mistaking physiological arousal for love
- Schachter & Singers (1962)- two factor theory of emotion: physiological arousal, cognitive label (use events/people to explain arousal
- Dutton & Aron (1974)- high bridge: men's stories contained more sexual imagery, more likely to call female for info, Low bridge: sex of confederate made no difference
- Compassionate love
- Hatfield (1987)- passionate love replaced by more enduring love
- Adam & Jones 1997) factors promoting relationship maintenance- personal dedication+ moral commitment+ constraint commitment
- Smith et al (1999)- tendency for mental representation of self and partner to overlap (become one person)
- Passionate love
- Proximity
- Target related (what determines attraction: physical characteristics, similarity to self, reciprocity
- Physical characteristics
- Cultural differences- larger women preferred in foraging societies as it is associated with likelihood of genes to survive
- Marlowe & Westman (2001)- slim women preferred in the west where high weight is associated with ill health
- Commonalities- male to female: WHR of 0.7 (eg Streeter & McBurney 2005), female to male: narrow waist, v shaped torso, broad shoulders, taller (Hughes & Gallup 2002)
- The primary cue in attraction
- Same sex attraction- in personal dating ads gay men and lesbians often seek sex typical traits ie men attracted to masculine partners and women attracted to feminine partners (eg Bailey et al 1997)
- Facial symmetry
- Thornhill and Gangestad (1999)- 80 men wore t-shirt for 2 nights, women preferred the scent of attractive men's (symmetrical faces) t-shirt more but only when they were ovulating, in non-ovulating women they showed no preference
- Linked to: better genes (disease free), pheromones (male) appear to convey this info to ovulating females, may make good reproductive mates (healthy offspring)
- Langlois et al 1994- rated digitised male/ female faces, average fac rated most attractive
- Mere exposure- preference for familiarity
- Facial maturity- female: immature features preferred (small nose, full lips, small chin), male: mature features (prominent cheekbones, large chin) (Cunningham et al 1990)
- Parallels gender stereotypes- immature= dependence, mature= dominance
- Consequences of physical attractiveness4
- Dion et al (1972)- ps evaluated the personality of faces, attractive considered more successful, intelligent and socially skilled
- Success as a child (Dion 1972)- teachers less likely to see the transgression of an unattractive child as an enduring quality- perceived as a one-off
- Success as an adult (Landy & Sigall 1974)- male students rated essays by attractive females higher regardless of essay quality
- Feingold (1992)- no relationship between attractiveness and personality
- Attractiveness= less socially anxious, less lonely
- Self-fulfilling prophecy (Snyder et al 1977)- males given photo of woman then talked on the phone with them (really the same confederate)
- men who believed they were talking to an attractive woman were sociable, outgoing, confederate rated them more warm, confident, animated
- others' beliefs cause attractive people to conform
- men who believed they were talking to an attractive woman were sociable, outgoing, confederate rated them more warm, confident, animated
- Self-fulfilling prophecy (Snyder et al 1977)- males given photo of woman then talked on the phone with them (really the same confederate)
- Attractiveness= less socially anxious, less lonely
- Cultural differences- larger women preferred in foraging societies as it is associated with likelihood of genes to survive
- Similarity to self
- Similar demographics (Kandel 1978)
- Similar physical attractiveness
- Similar attitudes (Newcombe 1961)- ps attitude questionnaire, over a semester attraction changed from being determined by proximity to similarity of attitudes
- Reciprocity
- Dittes & Kelley (1956)- students led to believe by anonymous evaluations that group liked them, more attracted to that group
- Physical characteristics
- Interpersonal relations
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