German trenches good - Dud explosives - Planned Allied attack - Primarily British attack - German trenches shelled for 7 days - German trenches not destroyed - Soldiers walked across NML - British decimated - Creeping barrage **** - barbed wire good
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Trench Tactics
Chemical warfare - Advance through NML - Bombardment - Creeping barrage - Mines - Tanks used later on
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Conditions in the trenches
Rats - Trench foot - Lice - Trench fever - 31% army wounded - 4% of Navy + Airforce wounded
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Causes of WWI
Alliance system - Franz Ferdinand - Problems in the Balkans - Long term rivalries
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The BEF
80,000 men in 1914 - 3.9 million in 1917 - Halted Germans at Amiens - Broke Hindenburg Line - Weapons improved - Skilled and experienced - Tanks more reliable - Creeping Barrage effective - Military production better than Germany
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Passchendaele / Third Ypres
Attack launched in July 1917 - Skillful Creeping Barrage - Initial British success - Battlefield became a swamp - Slow advancement - Heavy casualties - Pass captured in Dec 1918 - Advanced 7 miles in 4 months - Contributed to exhausting German army
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Amiens
Plentiful Heavy Artillery - Effective Creeping Barrage - German Army overextended - Vast munitions dumps - Allied blockade - Large British Airforce - Large number of tanks - Large number of trained infantry - Radio introduced - German morale declined
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Maintaining Morale
Regular postal service - Reasonable rations - Tobacco free - Soldiers returned home after 6 months - 70 days leave per year - Soldiers entertained while at war - Pay better in the army
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Discipline
Strictness varied across army - 306 men executed for desertion (possibly shell shock) - Field Punishment No1: tied to field gun for two hours - Imprisonment - Fines - Demotion - Extra duties imposed - Confined to barracks
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Medical provision
Organised by RAMC - Hospitals established quickly - Doctors deployed from America - Morphine widely available - Hygiene improved - More soldiers died from battle wounds than disease - VAD deployed
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Infection and Injury
Lack of antibiotics - Gangrene frequent - Septicemia rife - Trench warfare, shelling and gas created problems - 41,000 amputations - 272,000 injuries to arms and legs - 60,500 wounds to head or eyes - 89,000 wounds to body
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Medical developments
Shell shock recognised in 1915 - Treatment given to those suffering from shell shock - Blood transfusions developed - Skin grafts to treat soldiers with facial injuries - Brain surgery improved increasing survival rates - Fake limbs improved
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Chemical warfare - Advance through NML - Bombardment - Creeping barrage - Mines - Tanks used later on
Back
Trench Tactics
Card 3
Front
Rats - Trench foot - Lice - Trench fever - 31% army wounded - 4% of Navy + Airforce wounded
Back
Card 4
Front
Alliance system - Franz Ferdinand - Problems in the Balkans - Long term rivalries
Back
Card 5
Front
80,000 men in 1914 - 3.9 million in 1917 - Halted Germans at Amiens - Broke Hindenburg Line - Weapons improved - Skilled and experienced - Tanks more reliable - Creeping Barrage effective - Military production better than Germany
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