Eukaryotic Cell Ultrastructure

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Cell Surface / Plasma Membrane
Structure -
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and glycoproteins
Function -
controls which molecules / ions enter or leave the cell
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Microvilli
Structure -
finger like bristles attached to the surface of the cell membrane
Function -
increases cells surface area to help speed up efficiency of absorption
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Nucleus
Structure -
double membrane (nuclear envelope), pores present in the membrane (nuclear membrane)
Function -
stores genetic material (DNA), DNA organised into chromosomes (wraps around histone proteins)
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Nucleolus
Structure -
appears as a darker stained region inside cell, often more than one in cell
Function -
makes ribosomes which leave via nuclear pores and go into cytoplasm
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Mitochondria
Structure -
has double membrane and a inner membrane which is highly folded to form the cristae. Interior called the matrix, contains own ribosomes and DNA and can make it's own proteins/enzymes
Function -
involved in making ATP during aerobic respirati
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure -
a network of flattened membranes (cisternae). Contains continuous with nuclear membrane, ribosomes embedded on outer membrane and a lumen inside for transport
Function -
makes proteins on ribosomes then folds and transports protein to Golgi
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Golgi
Structure -
a stack of flattened membranes known as cisternae, lumen inside and vesicles around the outside
Function -
receives vesicles of proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum, modifies protein and packages them into vesicles for transportation
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure -
network of flattened membranes known as cisternae, lumen inside for transport
Function -
transports proteins, makes and stores (synthesises) and transports lipids and carbohydrates
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Lysosomes
Structure -
vesicles that contain enzymes called lysozymes, made by the golgi and found only in animal cells
Function -
used in the process of phagocytosis, to digest / hydrolyse molecules in invading pathogens or to digest molecules in dead cells (autol
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Vesicles
Structure -
membrane bound sacs
Function -
transport contents from one organelle to another e.g. proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum to golgi. Then, from golgi to the cell surface membrane for secretion out of the cell
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Outer Membrane
(in chloroplasts)
a double membrane around the chloroplasts
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Inner Membrane
(in chloroplasts)
a double membrane around the chloroplasts
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Thylakoids / Grana
(in chloroplasts)
Thylakoid - one flattened membrane
Granum - a stack of flattened membranes (thylakoids) which provides a large surface area
Grana - plural of granum

chlorophyll molecules embedded on all of them
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Stroma
(in chloroplasts)
interior of the chloroplast, contains DNA and ribosomes, starch grains may be present
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Structure -
finger like bristles attached to the surface of the cell membrane
Function -
increases cells surface area to help speed up efficiency of absorption

Back

Microvilli

Card 3

Front

Structure -
double membrane (nuclear envelope), pores present in the membrane (nuclear membrane)
Function -
stores genetic material (DNA), DNA organised into chromosomes (wraps around histone proteins)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Structure -
appears as a darker stained region inside cell, often more than one in cell
Function -
makes ribosomes which leave via nuclear pores and go into cytoplasm

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Structure -
has double membrane and a inner membrane which is highly folded to form the cristae. Interior called the matrix, contains own ribosomes and DNA and can make it's own proteins/enzymes
Function -
involved in making ATP during aerobic respirati

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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