Cells

What is a eukaryotic cell?

complicated internal structure, membrane bound organelles, nucleus, multicellular, organelles provide optimum conditions

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Prokaryotic cell?

undivided internal structure, non membrane bound, no nucleus, unicellular

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Define metabolic reactions.

all reactions that occur in a cell, both synthesis and breaking down of molecules

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Define cell ultrastructure.

structures of the cell that can only be seen under an electron microscope

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Characteristics of membranes?

selectively permeable, effective barriers, fragile

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Plasma membrane?

surround external surface, regulates movement, barrier, phospholipid bilayer

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Cytoplasm?

jelly like, organelles, site of metabolic reactions, cytosol made of water, salts, organic molecules

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Nucleus?

DNA wound around histone proteins forming chromatin complex, coils and condenses to form chromosomes, controls metabolic activities

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Nuclear envelope?

made out of membranes, has pores for passage

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Nucleolus?

dense, makes ribosomes

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Mitochondria?

final stage of respiration, production of ATP, very active cells have lots, double membrane, inner folds are cristae, contains aerobic respiration enzymes, matrix fluid inside

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Vesicles?

membranous sac, storage and transport, secretory release materials, single membrane, hydrophobic lipid tail and hydrophilic phosphate head

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Lysosomes?

specialised, hydrolitic enzymes degrade waste material, involved in immune system invading pathogens, programmed cell death, larger and darker than vesicles

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

network of membranes make flattened sacs called cisternae, responsible for synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

attached to nuclear envelope, flattened membrane sacs, ribosomes, synthesis folding and transport of proteins

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Ribosomes?

not surrounded by membrane, made of rRNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

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Golgi apparatus?

flattened stack of membranes curved at end surrounded by vesicles, modifies proteins that have been made, packages proteins into vesicles to be secreted

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Cell wall?

cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria, freely permeable, rigid, defensive and protects

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Large permanent vacuole?

membrane lined sac with cell sap, surrounding membrane tonoplast which controls movement, maintains turgor pressure

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Chloroplasts?

photosynthesis, double membrane, fluid inside stroma, thylakoid membranes stack to form granum linked by lamellae. grana contain chlorophyll pigments where light dependent reactions occur, middle of thylakoid lumen, lots of thylakoids

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Why can chloroplasts make their own proteins?

They contain DNA and ribosomes.

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What is the cytoskeleton?

present throughout cytoplasm, network of fibres for shape and stability, holds organelles in place, helps cell and organelle movement

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Microfilaments?

actin protein, contractible fibers for cell movement and cytokinesis

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Microtubules?

tubulin protein, polymerise and depolymerise to change length, scaffold for shape, tracks for organelle movement, spindle fibers involved in movement of chromosomes

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Intermediate filaments?

rigid fibers do not change length, mechanical strength helps cells, maintains integrity

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Centrioles?

part of cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic apart from flowering plants and fungi, tubulin, pairs form centrosome near nucleus, involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibres

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Flagella?

whip like extension, longer than cilia, small number per cell, cell motility and sensory organelle, 9 fused pairs of microtubules around the edge with a central pair that are not fused

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Cilia?

hair like, greater numbers, sensory organs when stationary, when mobile beat in rhythmic manner cause fluids to move along cell surface

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Ribosomes in protein synthesis?

read mRNA, create correct amino acid chain

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RER in p.s?

holds ribosomes, packages proteins into vesicles

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Golgi apparatus in PS?

modifies/packages proteins

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How are prokaryotic cells extremophiles?

hostile environment in terms of salinity, pH and temp

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DNA in prokaryotic cells?

found in one molecule (circular chromosomes) and naked, no associated with histones. coiled and compact, genes arranged into operons which can be switched on and off

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Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

smaller (70s), form less complex proteins, found in cytoplasm

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Cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

made of peptidoglycan (aka murein), all have cell wall, complex polymer formed from amino acids and sugars

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Flagella in prokaryotic cells?

thinner than eukaryotic, no 9:2, basal body attaches to plasma membrane, energy to rotate comes from chemiosmosis not ATP,hook rotates making whip like movement which propels cells

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Cells

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