Environment and Cooperation
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- Created by: becky.65
- Created on: 27-11-19 15:45
How are environmental issues more often addressed?
Through cooperation than through conflict
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What did the discovery of the depletion of the ozone layer lead to?
The Vienna Convention of 1985 and the Montreal Protocol of 1987 which set a timeframe for the complete prohibition on the manufacture and use of CFCs
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What has been the problem with the efforts to combat climate change?
They have been painstakingly slow and they have not been legally binding
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What are the positives of the Paris Agreement?
It was was a monumental achievement in terms of multilateral diplomacy; it marks a new direction for global climate cooperation; the proceeds were transparent and inclusive and there was near universal participation
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What are the negatives of the Paris Agreement?
It is voluntary and depends on the good will of the leaders of the largest polluting countries
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What was omitted from the Paris Agreement?
No numerical targets on emission reduction or financial commitments
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Why is the issue with the ozone layer and climate change different?
The ozone layer was seen as an immediate threat; there was an obvious scientific change that could be made to make a difference; many countries wanted to comply to make a change
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Who are critical players in today's effectors to combat climate change?
States and non-state actors
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What are market-based instruments?
Policy instruments that use markets, price, and other economic variables to address
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What are externalities?
A negative consequence which is not reflected in the cost of production, or price of the good. Pollution is an externality of production.
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How have MBIs been used to combat pollution?
By incorporating the external cost of production or consumption activities by imposing a cost the same as the externality
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Why is a cap-and-trade system favoured?
Because unlike a carbon tax, as it places an absolute limit on emission levels
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What is cap and trade?
A MB approach to control pollution by creating tradable pollution permits to add to the profit motive as an incentive for good performance
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How does cap and trade work?
A cap on emissions is set so each firm receives an amount of permits so the cost of emitting one tonne of pollution is the cost of the permit and these can be traded to increase profitability
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What are the negatives of cap and trade?
They don't always work as some companies will buy pollution permits and keep polluting if they remain profitable
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What is the EU Emission Trading Scheme?
It limits emissions from more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installation and airlines operating between the countries in the scheme. It covers 45% of the EUs greenhouse gas emissions
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What is the problem with politics in the US on climate change?
Environmental problems have been reframed from a bipartisan issue to a left-wing issue which affects attitudes towards climate change
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What are some water risk drivers?
Climate change, growing competition, weak regulation, failing infrastructure and water pollution
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Why does water risk pose risk to businesses?
As production of goods is intimately tied to water access which is an incentive for action
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How can internal action reduce water risk?
It reduces leakages; invests in better technology and uses alternatives to fresh water but these often don't go far enough
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How is collective action addressing collective water insecurity?
Many companies working together in Industrial Parks and to to raise sustainability standards in global commodity chains, conservation projects and innovative financing
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Why are so many partnerships focused on money?
The World Economic Forum calculates that $2.5 trillion investment is needed each year to achieve the SDGs by 2030
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Where is the money for achieving SDGs going to come from?
The private sector as 69 of the top 100 entities are corporations rather than governments
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Can companies solve water?
They are some of the most powerful actors in the world. They are also some of the world's largest water users so they are needed but hard legislation is also needed
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What is the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme?
A multi-stakeholder initiative that agreed no member could export or import diamonds into its territory without the certificate and each member would not trade in rough diamonds with non-participants
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What are the issues with the Kimberly process?
Diamonds are still being traded illicitly through tax havens and the limitation of 'conflict diamonds' remains silent on abuses perpetuated by governments or private firms
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What did the discovery of the depletion of the ozone layer lead to?
Back
The Vienna Convention of 1985 and the Montreal Protocol of 1987 which set a timeframe for the complete prohibition on the manufacture and use of CFCs
Card 3
Front
What has been the problem with the efforts to combat climate change?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the positives of the Paris Agreement?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are the negatives of the Paris Agreement?
Back
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