Contemporary Theories

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Name all of the topics covered in this module
Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Post-Structuralism, Post-Colonialism, Feminism, Marxism, Social Identity Theory,
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"An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
Theory
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"A rule or principle that many people accept as true" (Merriam-Webster)
Axiom
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Theorising about theories
Metatheory
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The study of what there is, and of the features and relations of the entities which do exist.
Ontology
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The study of knowledge and belief
Epistemology
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The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Karl Popper
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When was Popper's: The Logic of Scientific Discovery published?
1959
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Explain the key tenets of Popper's theories
There needs to be demarcation between scientific and non-scientific theories, scientific theories are best
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According to Popper, what is a valid scientific theory?
One that has survived numerous falsification attempts
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According to Popper, what is a scientific theory?
Theories which are open and which are falsifiable
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What is the job of a scientist according to Popper?
To be critical, to try and falsify existing theories
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What is the opposite stance of Poppers 'falsification' approach?
Confirmationism
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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
Lakatos
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When was Lakatos's: Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research published?
1970
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What element of Popper's theory did Lakatos oppose?
The falsification process
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Why did Lakatos criticise Popper?
He saw him as an idealist and asserted that not all theories are open to falsification, quite often a theory can die after one critical observation
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What did Lakatos suggest?
The theoretical research programmes structure science, these programmes are based on a ********* of axioms which are not challengeable but generate more peripheral hypotheses which are more open to contestation
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According to Lakatos, when is a research programme abandoned?
When there have been too many degenerate alterations to the protective belt, that is changes which try to fix the problem but make more weaknesses
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Kuhn
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When was Kuhn's: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions published?
1962
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What was the main term that Kuhn pioneered?
Paradigms
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What did Kuhn conclude?
That theorists do not spend their time trying to falsify different theories. Instead, they are busy strengthening the dominant paradigm of their time
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What are dominant paradigms according to Kuhn?
Ones which provided stimulating questions
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What eventually happens to all dominant paradigms?
They eventually reach a point where their anomalies cannot be ignored any more, leading to a paradigm shift
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Against Method
Feyerabend
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When was Feyerabend's: Against Method published?
1975
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What does Feyeraband reject?
Epistemology and scientific method
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What does Feyeraband call for?
Epistemological anarchism
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Why does Feyeraband reject science?
Because it serves to exclude new coming knowledge
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Where has ground breaking knowledge always come from according to Feyeraband?
Radical and new ways of thinking and doing, not just obeying
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Laboratory Life: The Creation of Scientific Facts
Latour and Woolgar
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When was Latour and Woolgar's: Laboratory Life: The Creation of Scientific Facts published?
1986
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From what perspective were Latour and Woolgar studying?
Sociology/Anthropology
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What did Latour and Woolgar do?
Studied behaviour and the day to day operations of a laboratory
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What did Latour and Woolier conclude?
Scientific fields are environments structured by norms and rules of practice, social hierarchies and academics concerned with prestige and reward
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What are dominant theories according to Latour and Woolgar?
Uncontested scientific facts supported by rhetorical persuasion and legitimacy positioning
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What are two questions raised by scientific method in IR?
Aren't social issues to complex for science? Is there a problem of researching something we are a part of?
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What is positivism?
The end point at which empirically proven laws constitute knowledge
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Name an IR theorist who lies in the middle of the scientific debate
Robert Keohane
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The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and its Implications for the Study of World Politics
Patrick Thaddeus Jackson
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When was Jackson's: The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and its Implications for the Study of World Politics published?
2011
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What does Jackson reject?
Science and academic conduct in IR
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What does academic conduct in IR dissuade?
New developments and theories from emerging
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Order and name the theorists of science in IR earliest to most recent
Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn, Feyerabend, Latour and Woolgar, Jackson
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According to Realists and Neoliberalists what shapes world politics?
States' interests
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What is the neo-neo consensus?
The uniting concept that the most important factor in ir is state interests
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What are the three S's in Realism?
Statism, survival and self-help
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Name two classical realists
Morgenthau and Carr
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Name two neorealists
Mearsheimer and Waltz
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Name Carr's principle book
The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939
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When was The Twenty Years' Crisis published?
1939
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Before scholarly work, what was Carr?
A diplomat who was at Versailles
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According to Carr, how should we view world events?
As they really are
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According to Realism, what is never guaranteed in world politics?
Survival
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According to Realism, what do states always seek to enhance?
Their power
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Specifically according to Carr, who is there conflict between?
Economically advantaged states and economically disadvantaged states
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According to Carr, what don't states do and what shouldn't they do?
Follow moral principles
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What are the titles of Morgenthau's principle works?
Scientific Man and Power Politics and Politics Among Nations
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What date did Morgenthau publish Scientific Man and Power Politics?
1946
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What did Morgenthau write in response to?
WW2
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What does Morgenthau reject?
That there is rationality in politics
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What does Morgenthau assert that decisions in politics are made upon?
Basic human impulses, nature and drives
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What are the two elements of human nature that Morgenthau believes drive politics?
Fear and the will to power
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Who proposed the six principles of realism?
Morgenthau
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What are the six principles of Realism?
Human nature, interest defined as power, power is man over man, no moral principles, each sphere of activity has its own dynamics and realism as an evaluative framework
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When was the Second Great Debate?
1960s
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What was the second great debate?
The debate between scientific approaches to politics and traditional approaches
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Give an example of a scientific theory
Game theory
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What is at the heart of the second great debate (not science)?
Whether human nature impacts choices
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What kind of a Realist is Waltz?
Structural/Neorealist
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Why does Waltz critique Morgenthau?
Morgenthau hasn't acknowledged any IR structure
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Structural Realism: Theory of International Politics
Kenneth Waltz
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When was Structural Realism by Waltz published?
1979
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What is at the heart of structural realism?
Rational choice, structure, popperian stance and science
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What does anarchy mean in IR?
A lack of central international authority
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What is self help?
Due to anarchic nature of the international system, each state is on its own
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When did Neoliberalism emerge?
End of 1980s/ beginning 1990s
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The End of History
Fukuyama
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When was The End of History Published?
1989
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What are the key Neoliberalism concepts?
Institutions matter and can be actors in their own right, domestic politics also matter
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What Neorealist concepts do Neoliberalists accept?
Presence of anarchy, states are key units, states behave rationally and material factors matter
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What do Neorealists and Neoliberals differ concerning?
The environment that is created by anarchy and material factors, neoliberals believe that cooperation is encouraged by these factors
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Which sub theory uses prisoners dilemma to explain IR?
Neorealism
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The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
Mearsheimer
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When was Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Politics published?
2001
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What is Mearsheimer's key conclusion?
States seek to maximise their security, they care about their relative position
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What does security maximisation mean that state behaviour will likely be?
Aggressive
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What type of Realism is Mearsheimer?
Offensive
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What type of Realist is Waltz?
Defensive
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Perception and Misperception
Jervis
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When was Jervis' Perceptions and Misperceptions published?
1976
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What is Jervis' key theory?
That there are often misperceptions about the potential actions of an actor which causes international tensions and wars
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What are the five types of misperceptions that Jervis cites?
Misperceptions of others intentions, of capabilities, of credibility, of others values and anticipated consequences of events
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Give an example of a misperception of other's capabilities
Maginot Line Fortification
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Give an example of a misperception of others intentions
Many people including Britain with Hitler in the first days
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Give an example of a misperception of values
America's annex plan for South Vietnam and reasoning (avoid embarrassment)
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What does Jervis cite as the cause of misperceptions?
Cognitive limitations
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What were the three cognitive processes which produce imperfect political decisions according to Jervis?
Overconfidence, not seeing value trade-offs and tendency to assimilate new information for pre-existing beliefs
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What did Jervis mean by 'not seeing value trade-offs'?
Not wanting to change, wanting to keep the same way
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What did Jervis mean by 'tendency to assimilate new information to pre-existing beliefs'?
Ignoring new information and preferring what is already known
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What is Grieco?
A Neorealist
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What has Yuen Foong Khong researched?
The role of history in policymakers decisions
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Analogies at War
Yuen Foong Khong
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When was Analogies at War published by Khong?
1992
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What approaches does Khong draw on for his analogies work?
Psychological
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What does Khong claim centrally?
That humans have a limited computational capacity and so seek to simplify things by compartmentalising events which we then recall as analogies in order to make decisions
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What is one word to describe Khong's theory?
Analogy
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What is one word to describe Jervis' theory?
Misperception
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What is an analogy?
A comparison between one thing and another which have similarities
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What does a person do when they use an analogy?
When faced in a situation the person will recall a previous event and then maps it on to the current problem
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What happens when one analogy is used?
It becomes hard to challenge or dislodge it
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Give an example of where an analogy has been used
Korea for Vietnam, Iraq for syria etc, Entebbe hostage crisis (1976) to Iran hostage crisis 1979
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Who developed Prospect Theory?
Tversky and Kahneman
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What does Prospect theory reject?
Rational choice
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What are the key observations of prospect theory?
Reference dependence, loss aversion, endowment effect, diverging risk orientation, certainty effect
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What is reference dependence in prospect theory?
People think in terms of losses and gains from a baseline reference point, not simply in terms of wealth
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What is loss aversion in prospect theory?
People believe that a loss is worse than a gain
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What is endowment effect in prospect theory?
People overvalue what they have compared to what they could get
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What is certainty effect in prospect theory?
People like certain outcomes, not risk
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What is diverging risk orientation?
In uncertainty, people prefer to be less risky over losses and ignore gains
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What one word sums up Taversky and Kahneman's work?
Prospect theory
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What is framing effect in prospect theory?
The impact that the way in which a question or an option is worded impacts the decision of the chooser
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What does Neta Crawford study?
The role of emotions in Ir
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What is Crawford's critique of liberal theories?
See things as rational and thus don't consider the impact of emotions
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What emotions are only studied by Realists according to Crawford?
Fear and nationalism
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What is held responsible by Crawford for why it is that post-conflict situations rarely work?
Emotions
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What are methodological issues about studying emotions?
They are unmeasurable, they aren't always short lived, difficult to tell between real and fake emotions
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What is happening to the world GDP?
Steep rise
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What country has the highest GDP in the world?
Qatar
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What is the GDP of Congo?
729
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What is the GDP of Qatar?
137,000
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What has happened to extreme global poverty since the 1980s?
It has decreased
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What region's exchange rate continues to decrease?
Africa
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What do global financial figures ignore?
Inequalities in states (domestic)
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Can developing countries ever catch up?
No
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For Marxists, what is the most important factor shaping world politics?
The global economic structure
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How many stages are there to Marx's theory?
Three
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What drives history according to Marx?
The evolution of the economic structure
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What is each stage of Marx's theory?
A mode of production
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What is the inherent nature of the international system?
Injustice
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What are the three stages of Marx's theory called?
Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism
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What is each stage of Marx's theory characterised by?
A base
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What is the base of the stages to Marx's theory characterised by?
A superstructure
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What is a base according to Marx?
The material dimension of society, means of production etc
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What is a superstructure according to Marx?
Non-material dimension of society, organisation of shared beliefs and ideologies
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What do changes to a base trigger in the superstructure according to Marx?
Changes
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What does the superstructure do for the base according to Marx?
Sustains it by offering moral justifications for it
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What is the base for the capitalist stage of Marx's theory?
Accumulation of capital by an elite who seize surplus value
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What is the superstructure of the capitalist stage of Marx?
Religion, meritocracy etc
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What will happen eventually to capitalism according to Marx?
It will end in a bloody revolution
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What does Hobson believe that imperialism is a consequence of?
Capitalism
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According to Hobson, what has the change in capitalism done to the aim of imperialism?
Imperialism is now for capitalist gains
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Which historical figure built upon Hobson's work for their own theory?
Lenin
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According to Marx, who is the only disadvantaged in the Proletariat?
Workers
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Who does Lenin believe will play a role in the revolution alongside workers?
Peasants
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What is the name of the high class in Marx's theory?
Bourgeoise
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Who is the disadvantaged (technical term) in Marx's theory?
Proletariat
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What can third world colonised countries do to the stages of Marx's theory according to Lenin?
Skip them and go straight for capitalism
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According to dependency theorists, what is causing underdevelopment?
Capitalism
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Give an example of a dependency theorist
Wolfe
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What is the date of Wolfe's work?
1997
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What do the 'core' countries exploit according to dependency theorists?
The periphery
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What is the core dependent on according to dependency theorists?
Exploitation of the periphery's resources and cheap labour
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What should periphery countries do in order to develop according to dependency theorists?
To find new ways to develop instead of following the status quo
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How has Wallerstein changed classic dependency theory?
He has altered it to make it regional and less specific, making it a world system
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Who came up with the concept of semi-periphery states?
Wallerstein
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What characteristics do semi-periphery states combine according to Wallerstein?
Core and periphery characteristics
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Is the exploitation of the periphery one way according to wallerstein?
No it is mutual beneficial
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What does Galtung say about centre/periphery nations?
That there are core regions and within those there are core/periphery states
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What is social construction?
Individuals and groups practices create meanings of specific realities through repeated interactions
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Outsiders
Becker
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What year was Outsiders by Becker published?
1963
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What did Outsiders by Becker study?
Deviance and how individuals become viewed as deviants
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What is the name of Becker's theory?
Labelling theory
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What does labelling do to people?
Creates new social constructs for those who are labelled, they adopt to these norms and realities that they have been assigned
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The Social Construction of Reality
Berger and Luckman
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When was Berger and Lucian's the Social Construction of Reality published?
1966
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Who first coined the term social construction?
Berger and Luckman
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What does Berger and Lucian argue?
That people create and sustain society by organising their perceptions according to patterns, social interactions are based on typification and these patterns create social institutions which is sustained and legitimised through language
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What is typification?
Relating to others based on the fact we are all members of a category
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Who coined the term doxa?
Bourdieu
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In one word sum up Berger and Lucian's work
Social construction
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In one word sum up Becker's theory
Labelling
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What is Bourdieu's argument?
That social life is made up of various fields in which participants learn that field's doxa
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What is a doxa?
The behaviours, norms etc of a social field
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How are social fields always structured according to Bordieu?
Hierarchically
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What is a persons power within a social field determined on according to Bordieu?
Their ability to fulfil doxa
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How to do Things With Words
Austin
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When was Austin's How to do Things with Words Published?
1955
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What is the name of Austin's theory?
Labelling theory
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What is labelling theory?
The idea that words actually do things rather than just naming/describing things
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The Construction of Social Reality
Searle
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When was Searle's work published?
1995
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What does Searle believe?
That society is socially constructed
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After what theoretical event did Constructivism emerge?
The third debate
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What happened in the third debate?
A multifaceted criticism of all pre-established theories and norms of theorising
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According to constructivism, what factors shape international relations?
Ideational factors
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What are ideational factors?
Ideology, belief, culture, norms etc
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What are the two types of of constructivism?
Moderate and radical
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Give an example of a moderate constructivist
Wendt
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Give an example of a radical constructivist
Walker
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What has a different ontology in constructivism lead to?
Different epistemology
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Give examples of constructivist epistemology
Genealogy, discourse analysis, interviews etc
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Anarchy is What States Make of it
Wendt
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According to Wendt, what determines state's behaviour?
Identity
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What are Wendt's two identity types?
Type and Role
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What is a type identity?
A social category of states which determine identity
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Give an example of a type identity
Democracy, developing country, EU member
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What is a type identity?
Relationship identities
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Give an example of a role identity
Friend, rival, enemy etc
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What are Wendt's three interactions at the international level which create cultures of anarchy?
Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian
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What is a hobbesian culture?
States percieve each other as enemies
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What is a Lockean culture?
States are rivals
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What is a Kantian culture?
States are friends
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What is the name of Holsti's theory?
Role theory
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What does Holsti's role theory state?
That behaviour is shaped by roles which are repertoires of behaviour
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What year was Holsti's work published?
1970
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How many roles did Holsti identify?
Seventeen
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Give an example of one of the roles which was identified by Holsti
Regional protector
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How many roles had America expressed according to Holsti?
Eight
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What was the weekly reading for identities?
Berenskoetter
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Who argues that foreign policy is constrained by norms?
Kratochwil
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What are the three norm stages of the norm life cycle?
Norm emergence, norm cascade, internalization
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Who came up with the norm life cycle?
Finnemore and Sikkink
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Give an example of a norm life cycle
The ban on anti-personnel land mines
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What is securitization theory?
The study of political attempts to frame issues as security problems
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What school of thought focuses on security and speech acts?
The Copenhagen School
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If a question comes up on identities what things can you talk about?
Social psychology, constructivism, role theory, labelling theory etc
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What did early social psychology believe?
That member of particular groups share psychological traits whih lar makes them simi
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What does psychology live in legacy of?
The holocaust
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What year was Sherif's experiment?
1954
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What was the name of Sherif's experiment?
The Robber's Cave experiment
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What did Sherif believe cause intergroup conflict?
Competition
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What year was Tajfel's experiments?
1971
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What did Tajfel believe caused intergroup conflict?
The simple act of being in a group
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Who came up with Social Identity Theory?
Tajefel and Turner
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What were the two major effects of social identity theory?
Ingroup favouritism and group homogenity effect
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Who came up with Social Justification Theory?
Jost and Banaji
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What does social justification theory argue?
That people have a tendency to justify and maintain the status quo
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What year was Jost and Banji's social justification theory published?
1994
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According to SJT, what do members of disadvantaged groups tend to do?
Adapt and accept their situation
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Give some of the assumptions of SJT
Drop in performance, depressed entitlement, internalisation of inequality, enhanced levels of system justification among low status groups, ingroup ambivalence and rationalisation of the status quo
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Give an example of a post-structuralist
Derrida
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What are the roots of post-structuralist
The reality of Soviet marxism and colonial oppression in Algeria
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What does post-structuralism criticize and reject?
All encompassing theories of world politics
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Who was the first major post-structuralist
Foucault
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Who was the second great post-structualist
Derrida
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Who was the third postsructuralist
Deleuze
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What are the issues that postructuralism faces?
The claim that nothing is true is self-defeating, anti-foundational mode of theorizing is difficult to achieve and very obscure style
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What word was first coined by Derrida?
Deconstruction
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What year was Derrida's work published?
1967
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What couldn't Derrida do?
Define deconstruction
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What does deconstruction mean?
Seemingly stable and normal concepts are in fact constructed
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What are constructivists and post-structuralists heavily?
Critical
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Who wrote "Writing Security"?
Campbell
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Give an example of a foreign policy event which is used by post-structuralists to show the role of discourse
9/11 and the War on Terror
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What does post-colonialism argue?
That world events today are shaped by a colonial legacy
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According to post-colonialism, is imperialism dead?
No it just takes different forms
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Name ways in which colonialism is still alive today?
Continuation of biased views on placed and people of non-Western descent, non-acknowledgment of former colonialism, continuation of domination by other means, contemporary conflicts have roots in colonialsim
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What is 'the case for colonialism'?
An article which supports colonialism
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Who wrote the case for colonialism?
Bruce Gilley
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Who are the three key post-colonialist thinkers?
Fanon, Said and Ayoob
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What conflict heavily influenced and was influenced by Fanon?
The Algerian War of Independence
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What is the name of Fanon's books
Black Skin, White Masks or The Wretched of the Earth
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When was Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks published?
1952
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What did Fanon conclude?
That there is a divided identity of colonized people, that people are conditioned to reject their native culture, they are taught to embrace their colonizer's culture, colonized people experience an inferiority complex and thus white mask
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What is a white mask according to Fanon?
The adoption of the colonizer's culture and norms by the colonized population
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Is the aquiring of a white mask by colonized peoples a good thing according to Fanon and if not why not?
No because it internalizes their norms
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What theory has a strong link to the work of Fanon?
Social Justification theory
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What action did Fanon advocate?
Violent resistance
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When was The Wretched of the Earth published?
1961
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Give an example of a group which was influenced by the work of Fanon
The Black Panthers
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Why does Fanon suggest violent resistance?
As the psychological impacts of the colonization are so powerful and deeply entrenched that it is only violence that can shake it
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What school does Said adopt within his post-colonialist stance?
Postructuralism
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What is the name of Said's book?
Orientalism
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When was Orientalism published?
1978
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What does Said conclude?
That normative judgements and stereotypes shape our perceptions about the West and the countries around it
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According to Said, where is oreintalism present?
Everywhere
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Where in academia is orientalism specifically present?
In science and political science where experts claim to know more about the region than the locals
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What kind of identity is created by orientalism?
Western
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Who wrote Covering Islam?
Edward Said
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When was Covering Islam published?
1981
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What does Covering Islam discuss?
Hows the Western media reports on Islam
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Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations: The Case for Subaltern Realism
Ayoob
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What does Ayoob argue?
That a knowledge of history is necessary for understanding current and past events in the international syst
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During the Cold War, according to Ayoob, what were the Third World States seen as?
Objects and pieces to be taken and lost
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Give an example of a scholar who has researched the role of post-colonialism in the Cold war
Weldes, Decolonizing the Cuban Missile Crisis
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According to Ayoob what effect has the Cold War had on Third World states?
Artificial borders, low position in the international order and intractable regional conflicts
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When was Ayoob's work published?
2002
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According to Ayoob, what does Ir not acknowledge?
The role of colonialism
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What theory does Ayoob call for?
Subaltern Realism
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What is Subaltern Realism?
A theory of IR which acknowledges colonialism and thus accurately explains the actions of third world states
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What actions do TWS take according to Ayoob?
Try and attian internal security as well as external, favour relative rather than absolute gains, favour short term gains, concentrate on regional security
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What is feminism?
An intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms
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What are the three versions of feminism?
Liberal, constructiivst and intersectional
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What is the liberal approach to feminism
Men and women are entitled to equal rights and respect, women are currently disadvantaged
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What are the aims of liberal feminists?
To document, highlight inequalities between men and women and investigate the consequences of the two.
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What are the methodological ways in which liberal feminists seek to achieve their aims
Objectivist ontology and positivist methods
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Give an example of a liberal feminist
Keohane
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What did Fukuyama suggest about feminism?
That men's naturally aggressive tendencies have been tamed in a feminised world which is a problem because this weakens domestic democracies as toughness is needed in an anarchic world
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What is the name of Fukuyama's feminist paper?
Women and the Evolution of World Politics: What if Women Ran the World?
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What date was Fukuyama's anti-feminist paper published?
1988
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What has always formed a part of violent conflict?
Sexual violence
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How many recorded sexual offences were there made in the UK in the year 2015-2016?
108,762
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In the last 12 months how many women had been a victim of a sexual offence?
2.5
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What is classed as the most deadly conflict since the end of WW2?
The Congolese conflict
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How many people die on average per day in the DPRC?
1200
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In 2008 how many rapes were the in the congo per month?
1,100
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What have ISIS been doing to Yazidi women?
Imprisoning them and taking them as possessions
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What do constructivist feminists believe?
That gender is socially constructed
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Give an example of a constructivist feminist
Simone de Beauvoir
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What was the name of Simone de Beauvoir's principle work?
The Second Sex
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What year wsd The Second Sex published?
1949
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Who wrotes Bananas Beaches and Bases?
Cynthia Enloe
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What does Bananas Beaches and Bases try to do?
Disover what a woman is by studying the lives of extraordinary women
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What feminist has criticized fukuyama?
Ann Tickner
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What is intersectionality in feminism?
The idea that there needs to be different types of feminism as different women experience different things
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

"An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Back

Theory

Card 3

Front

"A rule or principle that many people accept as true" (Merriam-Webster)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Theorising about theories

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The study of what there is, and of the features and relations of the entities which do exist.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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