Lexis. Usually colloquial. With ellisions and ellipsis.
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What are Phatic Expressions?
Small talk e.g how're yoyu
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What are Deictic Expressions?
Expressions that need context to their meaning e.g here, there
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What are Interrupted Constructions?
One construction abandoned in favour of another e.g "You could have- You should have told me!"
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These are also known as what?
False Starts
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What are Disjointed Constructions?
Not found in writing. Not gramatically correct as if the sentence is broken. Usually used to add further information e.g "He knows about computer - how to fix them."
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What are Incomplete Constructions?
Constructions which have gramatical or lexical elements missing
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What is Non-Standard Grammar?
Informal speech
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What are Fillers?
Expressions which have little meaning but are inserted into everyday speech
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Why are fillers used?
To give time for the Speaker to think, soften the impact of a statement, to engage the listener
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What are Filled Pauses?
Um/Ah
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What is an Unvoiced Pause?
Silence
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What is untentional repetition?
The repetition of a word or phrase at a time.
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What are Digressions?
Deviations from the main topic of conversation
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What is Simulatenous Speech?
An overlap between two participants in speech.
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What are common features of an Opening Sequence?
Greeting in Adjacency Pairs, Confirmation of Participants, Phatic Expressions
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What is a topic marker?
How the conversation topic is initiated
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How does turn-taking work?
Formally - explicitly being told by other participant. Informally - Tag Question An obvious end to a grammatical construction or voice or eye movement.
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What is a Tag Question?
Questions attached to the end of an utterance
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What is holding the floor?
When one person carries on the conversation
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What are the common features of a closing sequence?
Exchange of Farewells (Adjacency Pairs) Pre-Closing Signals, Phatic expressions, Non verbal communications (e.g packing up stuff and leaving)
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What is a pre-closing signal?
Indicating that a conversation is coming to a close (e.g I think that's it)
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What is a topic?
What is being talked about
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What is a topic shift?
Change of topic
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What is a topic shifter?
Expressions that indicate a change in conversation
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What is a topic loop?
Conversation linking back to an earlier topic
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What is a repair?
Resolves a problem that arised in conversation (e.g mistake in speech)
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What is feedback?
Conventions to show that the other participant is listening (e.g nodding, verbal responses, laughter)
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What are back channel noises?
Oral signs such as sighs, gasps, mm, uh huhs that express interest in the other participant's topic
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