English Language Key Terms - categorising texts

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  • Created by: kayleigh
  • Created on: 29-04-13 21:48
Mode
the medium of communication; for example speech or writing.
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Prototype
a 'best-fit' example of a particular category e.g. an apple is a prototypical fruit
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Sub-mode
a sub-division of mode, such as poetry, drama and conversation
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Genre
the category or type of a text e.g. horror, tragedy, comedy
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Multimodal texts
texts that combine word, image and sound to produce meaning e.g. a children's book that includes images to support the text
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Context of reception
the situations in which a text is read
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Context of production
the situation in which a text is read and those factors might influence its writing
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Implied reader
the kind of reader a text producer has in mind when writing and who might be expected to 'follow' the author's point of view
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Purpose
the reason a text is produced
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Multi-purpose
a text with more than one purpose
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Primary/Secondary purpose
the main/more subtle reason a text is being produced
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Idiolect
an individual's style of speaking
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Sociolect
a defined use of language as a result of a social group
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Discourse community
a group with shared values and appraches to reading
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Register
a variety of language appropriate to a particular purpose and context
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Field
the general purpose of an act of communication
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Tenor
the relationship between the participants in a conversation or between text producer and reciever
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Dialect
the language variety of a geographical region or social background
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Accent
the specific way words are pronounced according to geographical region
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Standard English
a universally accepted dialect of english that carries a certain degree of prestige
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Specialist register
a set of lexical terms and grammatical constructions particular to an institution or occupation group
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Jargon
specialist terminology that may exclude others
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Colloquialism
an established set of informal terms used in everyday language
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Slang
colloquial language that is inventive and particular to individuals or groups
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Lexis
the method that deals with the vocabulary system of a language
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Semantics
the method that deals with meaning and how it is generated within texts
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Noun
Names of objects, feelings, attitudes, people or places e.g. cottage
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Verb
shows actions, events or states of being, feeling or thinking e.g. seems
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Adjective
adds details to nouns e.g. bleak (describing words)
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Adverb
adds details to verbs or other adverbs e.g. extraordinarily (ly words)
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Determiner
positioned in front of nouns to add detail or to clarify e.g. the,a,an
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Base form
the simple form of an adjective, serving to modify e.g small
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Comparative
the form for comapring two items; adjectives inflected with -er or combined with 'more' e.g. smaller
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Superlative
adjectives inflected with -est or combined with 'most' e.g smallest
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Denotation
a strict 'dictionary' meaning of a lexical item
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Connotation
an associated symbolic meaning relying on culturally shared conventions
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Semantic or lexical field
lexical items that are similar in a range of meanings and properties
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Conjunction
links words, phrases and clauses together e.g. and, but, or, although, because
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Preposition
shows relation in terms of time or place e.g. in, at, by, on
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Pronoun
Replaced nouns and can also refer forwards and backwards to nouns in longer stretches of text e.g. I, my, you, his, our
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Personal pronoun
I, you, she, he, it, they
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Possesive pronoun
My, his, our, their
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Reflexive pronoun
Myself, himself, themselves
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Demonstrative pronoun
this, these, that, those
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Relative pronoun
who, whom, which
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Proper noun
refers to names of people or places e.g. London, Paris
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Abstract noun
refers to states, feelings and concepts that have no physical existence e.g. pain, happiness
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Concrete noun
refers to objects that have a physical existence e.g. table, furniture
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Material verb
decribes actions or events e.g. hit, run, eat, push, read, paint, remove, hold
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Relational verb
describes states of being or are used to identify e.g be, appear, seem, become
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Mental verb
describe perception, thought or speech e.g. think, speak, believe, love
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Ellipsis
the missing out of a word or words in a sentence
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Cohesion
a measure of how well a text fits together as a whole
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Synonymy
words with very similar semantic value
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Antonymy
words with opposite semantic value
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Euphemism
a socially acceptable word or phrase used to avoid talking about something potentially distasteful
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Dysphemism
a harsh 'to-the-point' and perhaps taboo term, sometimes used for a dark, humorous effect
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Auxiliary verb
a verb that supports or 'helps' another
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Simple sentence
a sentence consisting of a single main clause
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Compound sentence
a sentence containing two or more main clauses
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Complex sentence
a sentence containing a main clause with one or more subordinate or dependant clauses
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Main clause
a clause that can stand independently and make sense on its own
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Subordinate clause
a clause that is dependant on another to complete the full meaning of a sentence
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Utterance
a group of spoken words that roughly equate to a sentence
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Lexical onomatopoeia
actual lexical items that rely on a similarity bewteen sound and meaning e.g crash
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Non-lexical onomatopoeia
non-words that sound like what they mean e.g. vroom
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Alliteration
a sequence of words beginning with the same sound
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Assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds for effect
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Consonance
the repetition of consonant sounds for effect
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Phonological manipulation
the way in which text producers play with sounds and their effects
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Homophone
a word that sounds the same as another word or words e.g. whine and wine
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Cooperative principle (Grice's maxims)
the principle suggests that all communication is essentially a cooperative act
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Grice's Maxims- 1. Quantity
use an appropraite amount of detail
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Grice's Maxims- 2. Quality
speak the truth and do not knowingly miselad
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Grice's Maxims- 3. Relevance
keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic
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Grice's Maxims- 4. Manner
avoid vagueness and ambiguity
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Typography
font type, size, colour, emboldening, italicising, underlining and any other modifications to font types
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 1. Abstract
the indication that a narrative is about to start and the speaker wants a listener's attention
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 2. Orientation
the 'who' 'where', 'what' and 'why' of the narrative. This sets the scene and provides further contextual information for the listener
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 3. Complicating action
the main body, providing a range of narrative detail
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 4. Resolution
the final events, the 'rounding off' to give thenarrative closure
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 5. Evaluation
additions to the basic story, to highlight attitudes or to command the listener's attention at important moments
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Labov's spoken narrative categories- 6. Coda
a sign that the narrative is complete. This might include a return to the initial time frame before the narrative
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Back channelling
a feature of speaker support: non verbal utterances to show attention or agreement e.g Mmm, okay, yeah
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Discourse marker
signal a shift in conversation and topic areas, can also announce a counter argument e.g ok, right then, so, but
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Fillers
non verbal sounds that can act as pauses in speech, either naturally or to give a speaker thinking time. May signal uncertainty. e.g. Er, um
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Hedging
A strategy used to avoid directness or to minimise a potentially face-threatening act e.g. Kind of, sort of, maybe, perhaps
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False starts
when a speaker begins to speak, pauses then reccomences e.g It began, er, Arsenal kicked off the second half
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Repairs
A repair returns to correct a previously stated phrase or sentence e.g. He, sorry, she broke the vase
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Skip connectors
a return to a previous topic of conversation e.g. anyway
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Fixed expressions
a conventional and routine expression in colloquial communication e.g as a matter of fact, basically, at the end of the day
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Vague expressions
Deliberately non-commital expressions in informal contexts e.g. something, thing, anything
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Tag questions
a sign of speaker support, uncertainty or a request for clarification e.g. you did really well "didn't you"
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Deixis
pointing words e.g I, you, me, this, that, here, those, yesterday, today
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Non-fluency features
non verbal occurences e.g. pauses, hestitations and repetitions in spontaneous speech
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Convention
An agreed or shared feature
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Cultural model
an organisational structure based on shared and agreed criteria by groups of people within a society
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Subordinating conjunctions
a clause that is dependant on another to complete the full meaning of a sentence e.g. because, although
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Coordinating conjunctions
words that link clauses to form compound sentences e.g. and, but, or
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Clause patterns
patterns produced by writers using certain types of clause for impact and effect
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Prototype

Back

a 'best-fit' example of a particular category e.g. an apple is a prototypical fruit

Card 3

Front

Sub-mode

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Genre

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Multimodal texts

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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