hormones synthesised by ednocrine glands and travel in circulation
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what is a hydrophilic hormone and where can it go?
there are water soluble hormones that cant pass through the cell wall so bind to receptors on the cell surface
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what do hyrophilic hormones do?
they cause a signal trasduction that changes gene transcription and they can cause a change in cytoplasmic function
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what is a lipophilic hormone and where can they go?
these are fat soluble hormones and they can pass into the cell across the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus as they are made u of short chain amino acids
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what do lipophilic hormones do?
they cause a change in gene transcription
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where is the pituitary gland and what are its key parts?
below they hypothalamus, ANTERIOR (L) and POSTERIOR (R)
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what is another name for the anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
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what controls the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis?
neurohormones from they hypothalamus
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what is the portal system called in the pituitary gland and how does it work?
HYPOTHALAMOPHYPOPHYSEAL portal system, it transports substances directly from one tissue to another without going though the whole circulatory system
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what is the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system made up of?
two sts of capillary beds, blood passes from the metarterole into the first bed then through a protal vein into the second capillary bed
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what is the difference between tropic and trophic hormones?
tropic regulate actibity of endocrine glands and trophic act on non endocrine organs for cell differentiation growth and survival
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what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin and GH
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what is FSH and what does it do?
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates oogeneis and spermatogenesis and causes inhibin release in the testes and estradiol release in the ovaries
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what is LH and what does it do?
Leutinising hormone assists ovulation adn secretion of testosterone from testes and progesterone in ovaries
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what is ACTH and what does it do?
adrenalcorticotrophic hormone increases activity of adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoids, it causes cortisol cotricosterone to be produced from the adrenal cortex
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what is TSH and what does it do?
thyroid stimulating hormone goes to the thryoid gland to produce T3/4
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what is prolactin and what does it do?
acts on mamary tissue to initiate and maintain milk production
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what is GH and what does it do?
Growth hormone stimulates somatic cell growth, casues relases of IGF-1 from liver and other tissues
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what does the posterior pituitary do?
it hosues supraoptic nuclei which synthesise ADH and paraventricular nuclei which syntheise oxytocin
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how are thyroid hormones released?
hypothalamus relasess thryotropin releasing hormone TRH which goes through the hypothalamohypophyseal protal system to endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thryoid stimulating hormone which is then released into blood to th thyroid
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what is the thyroid made up of and what do they do?
thryoid follicles which trap iodide synthesising it to iodine ad synthesises proteins sending them to the colloid
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how does the thyroid synthesise its hormones
iodide is taken into cells via NA+/I symporters and converted into iodine and condensed onto tyrosines which come grom the thryoblobulin then thyroid peroxidase forms mono-iodinated tyrosines or di-iodinated tyrosines which are combined to T3/4
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How are T3/4 transported?
lysosomes cleave them from their thyrogloin scaffolding and thyroxine binding globulin takes them up into the bloodstream
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what is the role of T3/4?
growth and development, gonadal function, CNS development, target responsiveness to sympathetic nervous system, axonal conductivity and increased metabolic rate
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