Elizabeth's Foreign policy

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When did Charles V abdicate his position as Lord Netherlands and give it to his son Philip?
1555
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When was Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis?
1559
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Give a summary of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis? (connect only)
Calais be under French control of 8 years| to be retired to England if peace and been maintained with France| If France failed to return Calais, they would promise to Pay England £125,000
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Was it a success?
yes - Was a success and consolidated Elizabeths power - out of the mess Mary left it was a good deal. It also achieved Elizabeth's aim of removing England from conflicts to restore the crown finances and made Scotland less on a threat (Auld Alliance).
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Why was there a crisis in Scotland in later 1559?
Protestant Lords asked for help from the Catholic french when France II took the throne. He and MQS were using the English coat of Arms
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What treaty gave military support to Scottish Lords but failed?
1560 Treaty of Berwick
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When was the Treaty of Edinburgh?
1560
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Why was the outcome of the Treaty of Edinburgh a success?
Scotland was a protestant nation and therefore an ally of England
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When was the Treat of Troyes ?
1564
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Why was it a failure?
Agreement Calais would not be returned to the English and loss of insurance fee
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Why did Elizabeth get a loss of this fee?
This is because Elizabeth promised the Huguenots leader (Protestants trying to overthrow Catholics in France) 6000 men and £30,000 but, they failed
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Why did it make Elizabeth more cautious (C+C)?
This was a blow to Elizabeth prestige and made her more cautious in the future. But may have been advantageous in the long run as Calsis was expensive to maintain
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What were the 4 key reasons for increased tensions between Liz and Philip between 1560-88?
Issue of MQS, the situation in the Netherlands, the actions of English privateers, religious differences
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When did a Protestant Calvinist rebellion break out and why?
1566, resentment towards Philips autocratic style of Gov
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How many troops did Philip send in 1566 to restore order in the Netherlands?
10,000
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Who were these troops led by? dog
Duke of Alba
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Why was it important for England that the Netherlands retained a sense of independence?
because it was a potential staging point for an invasion and had huge economic importance with most of English cloth being sold at Antwerp
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REASONS FOR LIZ TO SUPPORT THE NETHERLANDS
: 1 -protect fellow protestants, 2-reduce Spanish influence in Northern Europe, 3- To protect trade routes and increase security in the channel, 4- To show strength and defiance in response to Phillips northern Rebellion, Ridoilfi plot and the Excommunica
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REASONS FOR LIZ TO REMAIN NEUTRAL
the experiences of the intervention in France 1562, 2- should she be supporting rebels against a legitimate government? 3-To avoid risking conflict with the more powerful Spain, 4- To avoid the expense of conflict 5- concern it may encourage either catho
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How long was Elizabeth's official neutrality of the Netherlands conflict in place?
20 years
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But, provide evidence she was more on the side of the rebels?
She let rebel ships enter ports and English pirates regularly disrupt Spanish Ships sailing to deliver supplies to Spanish troops in the Netherlands, she encouraged the rebels
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What did she avoid though?
direct involvement and antagonization
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Provide evidence of opposition over this policy within the council, what were the 2 groups?
The peace party and others that favored military action
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Provide an example of 2 individuals that favored military action
Walsingham and Leicester
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When did Philip complain about Elizabeth's support for the protestants in Frace?
1562
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How did Elizabeth respond to Philip?
By keeping her troops from joining the Huguenots army
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why did Philip ban the import of English cloth in 1563?
to protect against the Plague, aimed at English traders to stop them from spreading protestant ideas, Philip was annoyed at Liz for letting English ships attack Spanish merchants on the English Channel
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What did Liz do in response?
banned all imports from the Netherlands
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However, when did both sides back. down and trade were resumed?
1564
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When did rebellion break out in the Netherlands by Calvinists?
Philip send Duke of Alba and Spanish troops to crush it
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When did the English Ambassador get expelled from Madrid from Spain?
1568
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Who did Philip replace him with and what was his bad bit for Liz?
De Spes - he was more hard-line catholic and had made contact with MQS
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When did Spanish Government ships in the Caribbean attack John Hawkins's fleet?
1568
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Who had partly funded this Fleet?
Elizabeth
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Why were they attacked?
because it was trespassing on Spain's monopoly of The Atlantic Slave Trade
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What was Elizabeth's response?
Elizabeths ships seized Spanish Bullion transported through the Channel to Pay the Duke of Alba Army
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Who did Alba retaliate to this? what did he confiscate?
confiscating English Ships docked in the Post of the Netherlands
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What did Liz do that was not fully restored until 1573 in retaliation?
banned all trade with the Netherlands
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What did De Spes encourage and attempt?
Northern Rebellion, MQS on the theme
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What was a turning point in FP in 1570?
ex-communication
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What did the Ex-communication give?
the popes approval for Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth
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In response to the Excommunication, who did Liz begin to consider marrying?
Duke of Anjou ( (Brother of Charles IX of France)
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Why?
to form an Anglo-French alliance to prevent a French-Spanish alliance
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Between 1570-1585, what had changed in Spain and Englands relationship ?
It had become mrore tension and a growth of a threat. Spanish support for English plots had forced the Giov to supress Catholics which angered Philip
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Why did both countries not want direct conflict despite being more confrontational posing a problem for Elizabeth?
council members like Walsingham and Leicester pressured her to help the Dutch rebels
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When was the Pacification of Ghent?
1576
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What was the Pacification of the Ghent?
issued by the Dutch rebels and which demanded the exclusion of all Spanish troops from the area and a return to being an autonomous region
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However, what made the Spanish situation worse overall and for Liz?
spilt into two groups : the Protestant Union of Utrecht in the North and the Catholic Union of Arras in the South.
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?Which group did Philip make peace with?
the Catholic union of Arras in the South
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Who did Philip appoint to conquer the rest of the region? increasing worry for Liz
Duke of Parma
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When did Philip annex Portragul?
1580
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How did Elizabeth adopt a more anti-Spanish policy?
......
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What pretender did Elizabeth support?
Dom Antonio
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Who did Liz reward with a Knighthood for his circumnavigation of the globe and plundering of Spanish Troops?
Francis Drake
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Who did Liz treat with contempt?
Mendoza
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What do these actions show?
degree of unease and caution showing the change since 1564 Treaty of Troyes
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When was the Treaty of Joinville?
1584
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Who was the treaty between?
Treaty of Joinville - where French Catholics made peace with Philip
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When was William of Orange assassinated?
1584
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in 1584 what was the Spanish position after the assassination?
Parma achieved military success in North Netherlands
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When was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
1584
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What was it?
Treaty agreed with England and the Dutch protestant committing Elizabeth to sending troops to help the Dutch fight with the Spanish
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When did liz give into Leicester and send him with troops to the Netherlands?
1585
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Name some of the failures of the English Military
ill-disciplined troops, the desertion of two nobles, Leicester arguing with the Dutch, Leicester sometimes acting without consulting Elizabeth eg. accepting the post to Governor-General from the Dutch in direct conflict with Elizabeths orders (in 1588 Lei
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What was Philips's response to the military action?
He began to prepare an Armada of ships to attack England with the aim of removing Liz from the throne and re-establishing Catholicism
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When was the first Armada?
1588
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How many warships did Philip plan to sail to the Netherlands?
130
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How many men was there in Duke of Parma's Army that Philip planned to collect?
30,000
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Which side was prepared?
England - long before the invasion arrived
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Why were the Fleet Mostly underprepared?
Drake attacked on Cadiz harbor 1587
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How many ships did Drake destroy?
100
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What brilliant tactic did Lord Effingham use?
crescent formation
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Why was this a brilliant tactic?
rather than engaging immediately, it forced Spanish ships into the South West winds
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What was Drakes's title as he was important due to his considerable experience?
Vice-Admiral of the English fleet
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Where did Long-range guns prove useful?
Battle of Grave-lines,
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Where was liz's speech that went against advice but rallied the Amry?
Tilbury
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Provide 3 reasons why the Spanish fleet were underprepared?
they did not take into consideration the shallow water, also because of the Cadiz attack, and Philip planned the attack with the expectation that just the sight of the Armada would make Liz free and Protestantism could be brought back to England
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Who was the Armarda leader despite him having little military experience?
Duke of Medina-Sidonia
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Why were many the ships destroyed by Drake's fire ships in the first place?
the Armada were unable to reach Parma's Army so sought refuge on Frech coast and Drake's fire ships destroyed many,
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Why did Mendina-Sidonia have no alternative but to abandon the plan and sail way?
ENGLISH GUNFIRE
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Why on the way home were more than half the ships destroyed?
To return home the Spanish ship sailed up the east Coast of England and around Scotland and down the rest coast of Ireland where many ships were reached and fewer than half of the Spanish ships made it back to Spain.
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How many men did Elizabeth have in Essex in her Army waiting for a potential invasion?
30,000 men
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What was the strengths of the Armada outcome for LIz?
seized the opportunity for propaganda eg. commissioned the famous Armada portrait, the victory was seen as a sign of God's approval for religion and the English Government
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Why was the Armada not a significant turning point?
because the war continued for another 15 years
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How much did the First Armada cost Elizabeth?
£161,000
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Name 3 of the financial consequences from the Armada?
Elizabeth was forced to raise taxes leading to discontent. Earl of Leicester had a great cost of military expenditure eg. Mortgage all of his property for Armies in Netherlands in when he died in 1588 his estates were all forfeited, unable to pay all of s
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WHat killed many soldiers?
disease
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NAME THE 4 Aims if 1588-1603
Removal of the Spanish presence in the Netherlands and English Channel, to achieve a balance of power between France and Spain to weaken the threat, to defend home waters, to achieve aims with as little impact on Crown finances and the economy as possible
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What did Elizabeth refuse to expand her Army beyond?
7000
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Name some of the ways Elizabeth raised money
Crown lands sold off, parliamentary taxes were raised, the nobles were forced to give loans, Ship money was demanded from non-costal regions and local taxes were raised. Liz relied on her proportion of treasuries seized from robbing ships from privateers
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Provide an example of C+C with Henry and Henry
- she wished to avoid Foreign expensive wars as the main reasons for this was fear of insolvency, like 1530's she could simply not afford to follow a more aggressive approach
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Who did Elizabeth rely on that may have weakened her RQ authority?
sea dogs - independent privateers that disobeyed her orders often
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When Drake failed Portuguese attack when he tried to put Dom Antonio on the throne?
1589
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Who became King of France in 1589 that was a protestant Huguenot and was a potential ally against Philip?
Henry IV
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When did Philip divert forces from the Netherlands to attack France?
1589
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How much men and money did Elizabeth send in support of Henry IV?
£20,000 and 400 men
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when did Duke of Parma invaded France from the Spanish Netherlands?
1590
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When did Spain captured the English Ship 'Revenge' and killed most on board?
1591
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how many men did Liz send men to France to help Henry IV in the French wars, led by Earl of Essex.?
20,000
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What year was this?
1592-3
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But in this same year why did Elizabeth lost allies?
But, Henry declared himself protestant and ended the French wars
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What happened in 1595 (privateers)?
Drake and Hawkins launched a joint attack on Spanish treasure fleets in the West Indies. Both died during the expedition
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When did Walter and the Earl of Essex led a raid on Cadiz ?
1596
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How many men did they leed?
80,000
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How many ships did they destroy?
50
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What was the effect on the Spanish?
capture Spanish treasure. This prevented Spanish Merchants from sailing to the West Indies
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When was the 2nd Armada?
1596
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Why did it fail?
it battered by Storms on the route to Ireland and returned to Spain
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When did Essex and Raleigh try to launch another attack on Spain?
1597
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why did it fail?
weather pushed them back to Plymouth so they used their fleet to sail to the New world to Plunder Spanish ships.
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When was the 3rd Armada and why did it fail?
1597 - bad weather
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When was the Treaty of Vervins?
1598
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Who was it between?
France and Spain
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WHen did Philip die but the war continued?
1598
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Who led the rebellions in Ireland?
Earl of Tryones
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IN WHat years did Elizabeth launched the campaigns to end the rebellion?
1599-1603
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How many troops was Liz forced to commit?
32,000
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How much money did Elizabeth spend?
£320,000
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Why was the Irish defeat crucial?
to stop Ireland being used as a staging point for Spanish invasion
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When and where was the Fourth Armada?
1601 landed in Ireland but England defeated the Spanish troops.
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How much did this cost as a whole ?
1 mil
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What were the Navy now focused on?
preventing a further Spanish landing in Ireland
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What Treaty had ended the 19 year old AngloSpainish war?
Treaty of London 1604
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Card 2

Front

When was Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis?

Back

1559

Card 3

Front

Give a summary of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis? (connect only)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Was it a success?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why was there a crisis in Scotland in later 1559?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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