Economic Sectors and Employment

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What does each and every economy do?
Create jobs. Generates income. Produces something for sale
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Describe Primary Sector
Working with natural resources. Farming, forestry, fishing, mining, and qaurrying.
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Describe Secondary Sector
Making things by manufacturing, assembling, or building
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Describe Tertiary Sector
Providing services. Examples are commercial, professional, social, entertainment, and personal.
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Describe Quarternary Sector
Concerned with information and communications (ICT) and research and development.
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First measure of relative strength of sectors
Employment. Compared in percentage of total workforce the sector employs. Shown in Pie charts.
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Second measure of relative strength of sectors
How much each sector contributes to the overall economic output of a country. Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Income (GNI) Shown in Pie Chart
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What happens as a country develops
Proportion employed in primary sector decreases and Sec and Ter increases. Further develop results in Pri and Sec decreasing more. Ter becomes largest employer and Qua begins to emerge
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Describe the Clark-Fisher Model
Shows how the sectors change with time over three phases. Pre-industrial, Industrial, and Post-Industrial.
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Describe Pre-Industrial Phase
The primary sector leads the economy and may employ more than two-thirds of the working population. Agriculture is most important
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Describe Industrial Phase
Secondary and Tertiary increase in productivity. Primary sector declines and secondary peaks but rarely provides jobs for more than half of workforce.
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Describe Post-Industrial Phase
Tertiary is most important. Primary and secondary continue decline and Quarternary begins to appear.
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Factors affecting location
Commercial farming. Heavy industry. Light industry. Retailing. Research and development. Accesibility
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How does commercial farming affect location
Land with suitable soil and climate conditions for the growth of particular crops or rearing of livestock. Water is important. Access or nearness to places where food will be taken or processed.
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How does heavy industry affect location
Raw materials for industries like steel. Good transport links are needed for assembling and distributing.
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How does light industry affect location
Consume large amounts of energy
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How does retailing affect location
Have to be readily accessible to customers. Also need to recruit large numbers of workers
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How does research and development affect location
Relies on highly-skilled workforce and access to latest research
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How does accessibility affect location
Access to raw materials, markets, or labour. CBD's are accessible because it's where the urban transport networks converge
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What buildings are indicators of decentralisatoin
Science Parkes, Industrial Estates.
Business Parks. Superstores
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Name multiple reasons for changes in sector employment
Raw Materials. New Technology. Globalisation. Government Policies. Demographic and Social Change.
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How do raw materials change sector employment
Sources of raw materal can become exhausted and manufacturers may change their location
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How does new technology change sector employment
Mechanization of agriculture and manufacturing reduced their demand for labour. It's now possible to move people and goods much more quickly and relatively cheaply.
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How does globalisation change sector employment
It is the process by which the countries of the world are being gradually drawn together into a single global economy. Countries can now concentrate on their economic strengths
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How do government policies change sector employment
The degree of government intervention in the economy varies from minimal in capitalist countries to complete control in communist countries.
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How does the demographic and social change sector employment
Populations grow over time and raise the demand for a range of goods and services. The growth of these goods will boost economic sectors but to varying degrees.
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Describe the informal sector
AKA the black economy. It is unofficial and unregulated. Employs millions of people around the world.
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Cause of the informal sector
Underemployment and unemployment. To avoid poverty, people have to find other ways of making money outside the normal job market.
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Characteristics of the informal sector
Mainly in the tertiary sector ( shoe-shining, ice-cream vending) Some resort to begging, petty crime or prostitution.
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Describe paratransit
Happens because of inadequate official transport in developing countries. Are usually minibuses, hand-drawn, and motorised rickshaws etc. They do well but add to congestion problems on busy roads.
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What are the three different views about the relationship between population growth, development and resources
Malthus (1798), Boserup (1965), The Club of Rome (1972)
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Describe Malthus' view
The first pessimistic view. Argued that population growth proceeded at a faster rate than the increase in the food supply. There will come a time where there was no sufficient food to feed the population. Population growth would stop by fewer children or
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Describe Boserup's view
Increases in population stimulate a improvent in food production. Developments in technology would solve the problem.
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Describe The Club of Rome's view
Argued limits to global population would be reached in 100 years if the population and development continued the rates of growth. However, they suggested it would still be possible the reduce the trends by growth-regulating processes-
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Three levels of population
Overpopulation. Underpopulation. Optimum population
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What is needed to balance population and resources
Controlling population growth. Reducing our own resource consumption. Using technology to discover and exploit new resources. Making sure that development is less based on natural resources.
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What is primary energy
Fuels that provide energy without any conversion process. Coal, natural gas, and fuelwood.
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What is secondary energy
Electricity, petrol, and coke
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What is energy security
When a country is able to meet all of its energy needs reliably. Most countries face an energy gap between energy demand and energy supply
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Examples of non-renewable sources
Coal, oil, natural gas, fuelwood, nuclear energy
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Examples of renewable sources
Hydro, geothermal, wind, tidal, solar, biofuels and waste
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Things we can do that will save energy
Walk or cycle. House insulation. Pack empty spaces in the freezer and fridge. Put devices to hibernate for the night.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Describe Primary Sector

Back

Working with natural resources. Farming, forestry, fishing, mining, and qaurrying.

Card 3

Front

Describe Secondary Sector

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe Tertiary Sector

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe Quarternary Sector

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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