Case studies

             ETHIOPIA - LIC                                          UK - HIC

Primary - 75% employment + 44% GDP                                       3% -> 0%

Secondary - Lacks resources and capital for industrilisation       40% -> 24% + 18% workforce

Tertiary -  Small sector but 40 % of GDP                      75% Wealth (10 - 20 % from Quaternary)          

                                                                                            80 % of employment

Causes for rise in Demand

• Population increase (x6)
• Irrigation of crops (Increase by 14%)
• Energy (increase of 43%)
• Domenstic appliances (Increase 20%) 
• Industrilisation 

SURPLUS - Wales, Lake Vyrnwy

• 1000mm of rain 

DEFICIT - London

• 650mm of rain
• 85% of water from aquefers 
• Thames water- 1bn replacing 1,600 miles of pipe -> reducing leaks by a 1/3
• Increasing efficiency 

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya 

• 95% live in poverty 
  
• 3000 people/ha
• 20% hooked up to illegal electricity 
• 80% unemployed
• No basic services 

Heliopolis, Sao Paulo 

Social

Community action in Jaguare: Sports

Social inclusion in Santo Andre: Community health and literacy  

Legal Help: Ownership of land to improve conditions

Infrastructure

Site and Service: GO and NGO give ownership and access to water and electricity

Sanitation: PROSENAR

Self Help: Building Materials

Economic

Micro lending: Small interest loans for business

Inner city decline -> social housing form 1960's

Inner city area = High Deprivation

- Social housing (Thornhill and Notrthern Estate)

- Closed factories + manufacturing sector closed = unemployment + Poverty Cycle

- "White Flight" = moving to suburbs = High % BME

Outer city suburban ring = Low Deprivation from wealthy people + Low % BME

Bassette = area of low deprivation 

- Universities = Employment and EQ + Enthinc Mix

- High MDI = Wealthiest and most educated people located 

GOOD                                                BAD 

- Jobs                                          - Displacement 

-Economic activity                     - Social Segrigation 

- EQ imporves                           - Changes Demographic and Atmosphere

StakeHolders 

DEVELOPERS (owners and managers) - Hammerson

RETAILERS - Franco Manca

BUILDERS (on behalf of developer) - Sir Robert McAlpine

LOCAL COUNCIL- Southampton City Council

CENTRAL COUNCIL = Regional Growth Fund 

Developers and planers have The PUBLIC PRIVATE PERMISSION PLAN = agreement 

RE-Image = Tertiary sector Hub for RETAIL AND LEISURE 

West Quay shopping centre - 2000

- The Watermark 70 Million

-  2200 jobs in constructuion and retail 

Admirals Quay - 2014

- 26 Storey building with 299 luxery apartments and 8 new bars and restaurants

- aimed at young proffesionals 

Thronhill Regeneration 

- 16,000 new homes and 10-20,000 new jobs  to create Economic Growth and tackle Deprivation ver 16,000

new homes and 10 - 20,000 new jobs in an attempt

to create economic growth and tackle deprivationver 16,000

new homes and 10 - 20,000 new jobs in an attempt to create economic growth and tackle deprivation

Cause : EU expansion 2004

Pull factors: UK min wage = 2 x Chezc Republic

Consquences                                          Benifits

- Money leakage                                      - Origanal country GDP increase

-  Priamary schools under stress             - UK = Multiplier Effect

-  Less jobs for locals = tension               - Claim less benifits and multicultralism

- Brain Drain = Poland                             - Poland = Less unemployment

Stats:

- 653,000 immigrants from A8 countries 

- Migration Observatory Economic migrants make up around 50% of the UK’s net migration

Cause:                                                  Characteristics: 

- R -> U migration                               - Underemployment

- More people than jobs                      - Unregulated: Child labour (500,000)  and poor conditions

                                                             - Not Taxed

Examples of Employment:

- Waste Handling

- Paratransit

- Selling low value goods 

EXAMPLE: DHAKA, Bangladesh 

Demand has Increased by 1/3

Coal: Descrease 30%         Want to reduce co2 and due to increase in demand

Oil: Decrease 10%

Gas: Increase 30%  Dash for gas -> Cheaper than coal -> UK exhausted so import from Russia

Nuclear: Level at 21%        Used to close Energy Gap 

Renewable: Increase 2%