'When men wish to achieve, women wish to feel'. Women are less goal orientated and fir well with spirituality as in the private sphere
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Gender Differences- Davie
Close proximity to birth and death- Bring close to ultimate questions about meaning of life. See God as loving and caring, not omnipotent
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Gender Differences- Callum and Brown
New age appeals to women wishing for autonomy. Emphasise subjective experience. AO2- Fundamentalism- Prescribed role
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Gender Differences- Glock and Stark
Compensation for deprivation- Organismic, ethical and social. AO2- Women now leaving the church fast- Dual burden? Rationalisation?
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Ethnic Differences- States, according to Modood
11% Church of England (white) said that religion was more important compared to 71% of protestant. Ethnic minorities= More religious
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Ethnic Difference- John Bird
1) Origin 2) Community 3) Cultural identity 4) Socialisation 5) Cope with oppression
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Ethnic Differences- Bruce
Cultural defence- Identity in hostile environment. Cultural transition- Is when they cope with migration. Religious will erode when integrated
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Ethnic Differences- Herberg
Religion- Means of transition. High participation from US migrants. No longer will feel isolated (eg, Irish Catholics)
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Ethnic Differences- Ken Pryce
Pentecost. Helps to adapt and offer mutual support. AO2- Rastafarianism- Radically reject wider society
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Ethnic Differences- Jacobson
Young Great Britain Pakistanis in East End, a Muslim identity rather than Asian appealed to younger as it provides stability and certinty
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Age Differences- Stats
Elderly is more likely to attend. Brierly average ages- 37-39, no attendees between 15-19 years old
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Age Differences- Voas and Crockett
1) Ageing affect- More religious with age 2) Period effect- Period when the individual was born 3) Generation effect- Progressively declining. AO2- Post modernity
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Age Differences- Heelas
Old face declining health with fear of death. It offers comfort, support and coping
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Age Differences- Young and Religion
Technological world view, rationalisation, generational effect, time, word etc. AO2- The young feel marginalised
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Age Differences- Other reasons
Spiritual market, youths have choices, believing without belonging, marginalisation
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Class Differences- Weber
Theodicy Disprivilege (working-class)- Explains why they're marginalised and offers compensation (eg, The People's Temple)
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Class Differences- Karl Marx
Opium of the people, alienation, false class consciousness. AO2- Neo-Marxists
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Class Differences- Roy Wallis
Middle class young youths turn to religious and new religious movements (NRMs) when they feel marginalised (eg, moonies)
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Class Differences- World Affirming Movements
Middle class- They have the money to spend on religion that need financial investments (eg, Scientology)
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Class Differences- Relative Deprivation
Middle class- Deprived, social, organismic, ethical and psychic deprivation can lead to being religious
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