Development 8 Motor Development

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  • Created by: CaliFish
  • Created on: 28-04-17 15:05
What must be considered when addressing major milestones of motor development
time difference/sequence difference
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where are there differences
between individuals and between cultures
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give an example of the impact of culture
Mali mothers, exercise babies, sped up motor ability
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the development of motor ability was thought to be what
neuronal maturation
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what is a problem with this
too simple
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therefore, what approach is now taken when addressing motor development
a dynamic systems approach
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Who are the two figures behind dynamic systems theory
Thelen and smith
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what does dynamic mean
change over time
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what does systems mean
multiple parts taking a role
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what is the over all aim of the dynamic systems approach
to explain how behaviour changes lawfully through time
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along with neural mechanisms, what 5 other factors are taken into account in the dynamic systems approach
strength, posture control, balance, perceptual skills, motivation
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what do the dynamic systems approach call milestones
attractors
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what major attractor was an example of the benefit from studying development from a dynamic systems approach
stepping reflex
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what does this reflex do
disappear
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when
2 months
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why
rapid weight gain
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how did Thelen test this
put weights on the kids that still have their stepping reflex and they stopped. but the kids that stopped their stepping reflex in water and they started.
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what 4 other motor development attractors are studied
reaching, self-locomotion, scale errors and slopes
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for the first few months, infants are limited to what type of reaching movements
pre reaching
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describe pre reaching movements
clumsy, swiping movements towards the general area of the object
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when do infants begin successfully reaching
3-4 months
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they are able to reach if they learn what
the muscle pattern required
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what motor ability helps with reaching
sitting
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at what age do infants learn to sit independently
7 months
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at 10 months, infants show signs of what when reaching
anticipation and approach
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explain approach
they approach an object depending on what they intend to do with it
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what is the hardest type of reach
backwards reach
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who and when studied reaching
spencer et al, 2000
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explain the manor of the study
4 infants, testing every week for a year
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what were the 2 main questions they asked
is there variablity and soft assembly
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what is soft assembly
when different components assemble depending on needs of the task
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what are the components
a stable base and control arm extension
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what did they measure
posture and manual skills
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in what settings
naturalistic and lab
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was there variability
yes in time and sequence
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is variability good or bad
good
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what is self locomotion
being able to move yourself
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when abouts do infants begin to crawl
8 months
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when abouts do infants begin to walk independently (with a toddling gait)
13-15 months
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what is a scale error
trying to do something with a miniature replica that is too small for intended action
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who did a lot of work on slopes
Karen Adolph
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what type of study was it
longitudinal
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they followed infants on what journey
crawling to walking
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what did crawlers do over the slopes
less experience, they attempted the steep slopes. more experience, they did not.
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what happened when they journeyed into walking
they did not transfer their knowledge about steepness at all
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therefore walking is not what
key for depth perception
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depth perception is there what
context specific
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however, infants that have bad depth perception over the slopes are fine on the visual cliff. give an explanation for this.
the crawlers can detect the steepness, but they do not what this means in terms of action. their perceptual abilitys and their action abilities are not in line.
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the dynamic systems theory goes beyond motor development, what else have they studied
A-not-B task
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who's task is this originally
Piaget's
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explain the task
you hide something in the repeatedly in A box, and babies search successfully at A. when you hide something in B box, babies unsucessfully search at A.
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at what age do infants search correctly at B
10-12 months
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Piaget explained this how
they reached to A because they associated it with finding something, once they master object permanence they are able to search at B
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Thelen et al did research that is what
in disagreement with Piaget's explanation
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you still get error if what
1. there is no hidden object you're just raising A box 2. if there is no proper location i.e sand box 3. if there is no reaching on A trials and 4. if there are really long delays
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what type of errors are these
perserverative
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How can you stop the error
by changing the posture
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why
there is a decreased reliance on previous memory
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the A not B error, according to the dynamic systems theory is what
product of past history and present situation
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where are there differences

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between individuals and between cultures

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Card 4

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the development of motor ability was thought to be what

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Card 5

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what is a problem with this

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