Functional Networks

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 27-01-23 14:56
What are level of abstractions?
Levels of abstraction are the different properties of something e.g., for a ten-pound note at the lower levels it would be that it has edges, is flat, is a rectangle and then at the higher levels it would be the colour, the face, the number 10
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what is the level hierarchy?
sensory/motor neurons
thalamic area
primary cortex
unimodal cortex
supra modal cortex
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What is the thalamus?
a subcortical structure composed of a collection of nuclei
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What is the primary cortex?
Initial level of cortical processing
Low level information (least abstract)
Activity is specific to one modality
Maps in the cortex: Topographic arrangement reflects physical parameters
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What is the unimodal cortex?
Intermediate level cortical processing
Intermadiate level information
Activity is specific to one modality
Neural organisation is less topographic and reflects physical parameters less obviously
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What is the supramodal?
High level cortical processing
High level, very abstract information
Activity is not specific to single modality, but to a type of information processing
Neural organisation reflects physical parameters less obviously
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What is the primary visual cortex?
- the retina projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
- The LGN relays this information to the primary visual cortex
– The primary visual cortex is the first cortical area to process visual information.
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what is retinotopic organisation?
different areas of the visual field are represented in discrete areas of the cortex
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What is the orientation selectivity?
neurons fire in relation to the orientation of a visual stimulus. Organised into orientation-specific columns
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What is the primary auditory cortex?
• Information is relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus
• The MGN projects to the primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe
• Cells fire in relation to different auditory frequencies and are mapped
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what is the primary motor cortex?
• the primary motor cortex sends information out to the spinal cord
• It is still a primary cortical area because it is at the lowest point of the motor hierarchy.
• When neurons are stimulated, different muscles groups on the ‘contralateral’ side are act
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Why is understanding the low-level coding of the motor cortex useful?
- it allows us to understand neural prosthetics.
- Neural Prosthetics: Understanding information processing in the primary motor cortex allows scientists to develop methods that translate directly into benefits for clinical populations
- This technology a
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what is the unimodal visual cortex?
• There are a plethora of visual areas outside the primary visual cortex.
• areas selectively responsive to specific visual properties.
• Visual perception appears to use a ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy in which processing is distributed and specialised.
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What is the 'where' pathway?
The dorsal stream (‘where’ pathway):
• Extends into the parietal lobe
• Processes location-related information
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What is the 'what' pathway?
The ventral stream (‘what’ pathway):
• Extends into the temporal lobe
• Processes object-related information
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what is the unimodal auditory cortex
Auditory areas of the temporal lobe:
(i) Core cortex (primary cortex)
(ii) Belt cortex
(iii) Parabelt cortex
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What is the belt cortex?
•Surrounds the core cortex
•Receives projections from the core cortex •Composed of seven fields on the superior temporal gyrus
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what is the parable cortex?
•Surrounds the belt
•Receives input from belt cortex
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what is the unimodal motor cortex
• unimodal motor areas send their outputs to the primary motor cortex and spinal cord.
• Areas of unimodal motor cortex are called ‘premotor’ areas.
• The are all in the frontal lobe
• There are several subdivisions - dorsal, ventral and medial
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what areas of the brain are the supra modal cortex?
Areas include the prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex, and some temporal lobe areas.
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what is the visual hierarchy?
retina (sensory/motor level)
LGN
V1
MT/V5 - V4 - infero-temporal cortex
or V2 - V3 - PO - parietal cortex
ventral prefrontal cortex/hippocampal systems
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what is the auditory hiearchy?
cochlea (sensory/motor level)
MGN
Core
Belt
Parabelt
Superior temporal sulcus/ superior temporal gyrus
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what is the motor hierarchy?
dorsal prefrontal cortex (supra modal cortex level)
premotor cortex (PMd, PMv, SMA, CMAd/v/r)
Primary motor cortex
motor thalamus or spinal cord
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Card 2

Front

what is the level hierarchy?

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sensory/motor neurons
thalamic area
primary cortex
unimodal cortex
supra modal cortex

Card 3

Front

What is the thalamus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the primary cortex?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the unimodal cortex?

Back

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