Sensorimotor development

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What is the sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years: The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact.
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What develops seperately at this stage?
Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage
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What is the preoperational skills?
2-6 years: The child uses symbols (words and images to represent objects but does not eason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. Durin this stage, the child is egocentric
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What is the concrete operational stage?
6-12 years: The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. The child also understands conversation
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What is formal operational stage?
12 years adult: the adolescent can reason abstractly and thinks in hypothetical terms
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What are the sensorimotor skills?
Walking, clumsiness, hand eye coordination, reading , writing, coordinating eye contact with speeech and gesture during a conversation
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How does it work?
Sensory system --> State estimation --> Inverse model --> Forward model --> motor execution
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What are pronounced difficulties in ASD?
Communication, socialisation, narrow circumscribed interests, repetitive behaviours, sensory hypersensitivity
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What are the symptoms of dyspraxia?
Pronounced difficulties: selection, timing and spatial organisation of purposeful movement and coordination, social anxiety social and communication skills
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People with autism are more likely to have what?
Dyspraxia (6.9%) than the general propulation
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Adults with Dyspraxia have what?
Higher autistic traits and lower empathy than controls
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When are the sensorimtor skills important?
Social skills and empathy
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What is dyspraxia and autism?
There is an overlap between these conditions, both associated with difficulties in social and communication skills, and empathy into adulthood. autism must be assessed in those with DCD and vice versa
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How is sensorimotor stages understood?
Start with looking at sensory and motor difficulties seperately, then bring them together, explore their impact on development
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Therefore?
Can these difficulties explain the development and maintenance of autism?
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What was the first clinical report of clumsiness for?
Autism
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What has recent research found out about motor difficulties?
80% of people with autism have motor difficulties and 10% are bordeline
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What is present from early infancy?
Motor difficulties
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What tends to be reported by parents?
First area of concern at 14.7 months
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What are the four areas that motor difficulties are associated with?
Imitation, speech sound production, emotion recognition, anxiety in response to social interaction
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What are motor skills important for?
Social development
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What is sensory difficulties in autism now part of?
Current diagnostic criteria for autism in DSM V, early clinical reports described sensory intrusions
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What is the most recent study that supports this?
High prevalence in autism (65% - 95%), Proprioceptive impairment (determining where body is in space)
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What is there an increased rate of?
Synaethesia (where one sensory modality triggers another) (Baron-cohen et al. 2013)
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What is their evidence of in people with autism?
Evidence of superior visual processing of details, difficulties in processing motion, appears contradictory - intact form but deficits in motion processing
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What is sensory reactivity associated with?
Difficulties in social and communication skilla
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What are autistc associated with?
Sensory reactivity
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What is sensory processing important for?
Social development
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What is sensory difficulties?
A core feature of autism and associated with RRBs and anxiety
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Repetitive behaviours have what?
A core feature = insistence on sameness and repetitive motor movements
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Those with autism have what?
Marked sensory and motor difficulties compared to those without autism
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Sensorimotor skills such as what?
Catching a ball are most strongly associated with a number of autism symptoms across measures in both groups
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What do sensorimotor skills predict?
More strongly predict social and communication skills in those with and without autism
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What was found out about people with autism and eye movements?
Less accurate when moving eyes to a new target, slower to initiate an eye movement
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What else has been found out?
Difficulties in coordinating hand and eye movements, could explain delay in looking to pertinent social cues with downstream effects on social and communication ability
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What is the rubber hand illusion?
Children with autism are less susceptible than typically developing controls, delayed suscpetibility to the illusion
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Adults with autism experience what?
The rubber hand illusion, but were less sensitive to visual tactile discrepancies,
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Therefore less likely to what?
Less propioceptive drift to the rubber hand than controls
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What is the rubber hand illusion?
Stroking your real hand which is hidden and the rubber hand at the same time. This is enough to trick the brain into adopting the real hand as its own.
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A presence of a visual distractor did not impact what?
Performance of children with autism like with typical controls, significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback, specific difficulties with motor movements which require integrating visul cues or sense
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What was mirror drawing error correlated with?
Hand orientation and hand shape deficits in imitation
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Those with autism do not tend to what?
Incorporate other sensory inputs, particularly visual feedback into motor learning
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Therefore what do they have difficulty doing?
Coordinating visual and motor movements, difficulties could particularly impact social learning from imitation and integration of eye movements with gesture during social communication in ASC
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What does this suggest?
Difficulty incorporating sensory feedback into model, results in impaired forward model, lacking accuracy and flexibility
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How to modify the forward model
People with autism can learn new motor skills, modify the forward model but it takes longer, appears to improve with age (adults more susceptible to rubber hand illusion
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What is the cerebellum associated with?
Saccadic accuracy has been connected to error reducing function of the cerebellum, cerebellum volume associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning
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What does Cerebellum contain?
Pathways that link sensory and motor pathways in the brain
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What was found in people with autism?
abnormalities, decreased activation in cerebellum during motor tasks in autism
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What are the impact of sensorimotor difficulties?
- accuracy, speed, and initiation of eye movements; - coordination of eye and body movements; - integrating visual and tactile information - integrating visual information into motor learning, with increased reliance on proprioception
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What can that impact in social skills?
Social imitation, looking quickly to socially pertinent cues, coordination of gesture eye contact and speech
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What can autistic adults benefit from?
Benefit from psychological therapy to treat mental health difficulties such as anxiety but it takes much longer
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What are the first concern?
- Sensory and motor difficulties are the first area of concern early in development (14.7 months) prior to obtaining an autism diagnosis
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Recap theories of autism?
- Theory of mind: Cannot explain all social and non social behaviours in autism - Weak central coherence: Multi deficit accounts? - Executive function: Other accounts?
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Card 2

Front

What develops seperately at this stage?

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Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage

Card 3

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What is the preoperational skills?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the concrete operational stage?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is formal operational stage?

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