Détente

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  • Created by: FVDA
  • Created on: 26-05-21 14:22
What did Kennedy and Khrushchev have in common before the Cuban Missile Crisis ?
Both had significant pressures on them which affected how they would both act on an international scale
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What was Khrushchev position before the Cuban Missile Crisis ?
Was keen to improve the Soviet standard of living and improving the USSR's economy + peaceful coexistence
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What stopped Khrushchev from acting in a cooperative and peaceful manner ?
He had to deal with the likes of Zedong Mao calling him an insufficient revolutionary and calling him a revisionist
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What impact did this have on Khrushchev?
He had to show an anti-western stance and manner in order to maintain Soviet dominance in the communist world
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What was Kennedy position before the Cuban Missile Crisis ?
Keen on peaceful coexistence but had to show an anti-Soviet stance and manner in order to appease opposition
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What impact did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on Kennedy and Khrushchev ?
Caused Kennedy and Khrushchev to become much more interested in peaceful coexistence
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What sort of an impact did the Cuban missile have on Kennedy individually ?
A profound impact
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What did Kennedy say about nuclear war and the Soviets ?
"No government or social system is too evil that its people must be considered as lacking virtue"
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What did Kennedy say about the USA and USSR drive to eliminate the prospect of nuclear war ?
"Both the USA and its allies and the USSR and its allies have a deep mutual interest in a genuine and just peace and halting the arms race"
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What reinforced Kennedy thinking in wanting to eliminate the chances of nuclear war ?
Report from General Leon Johnson
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Who was General Leon Johnson ?
Director of the National security council's net evaluation sub committee
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What did he say in his report ?
"Neither the US or the USSR to emerge from nuclear war without suffering huge casualties"
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How many deaths did he estimate would there be as a result of a nuclear war ?
93 MILLION if a nuclear war took place in 1963/64
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What was MAD ?
A document that stated it was advantageous for the USA and the USSR to have nuclear parity
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What does MAD stand for ?
Mutually Assured Destruction
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What was the 'crack' in MAD?
It was based on the assumption that all participants were rational actors would maintain a nuclear monopoly
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What did this mean to Kennedy?
He had to go beyond the agreements that had already been made so that no irrational actors could have nuclear weapons and that MAD would remain valid
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In 1963, which countries had nuclear weapons ?
France, Britain, the USSR and the USA and all parties wanted to keep it that way
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How did Khrushchev present the Cuban Missile Crisis ?
As a triumph
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How did the Pravda newspaper portray the leadership of Khrushchev ?
Leadership of 'calm and wisdom'
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What type of relationship did Khrushchev want with the USA ?
A relationship based on mutual restraint
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What was a reason for the USSR wanting a more cooperative relationship with the USA?
The formalisation of the Sino-Soviet split in 1961
The USSR to an extent, lost its power base
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What showed the USSR that 'anything could happen' and international relations could 'change'?
The USSR reconciliation with Yugoslavia and Josep Broz Tito
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What slowed down agreements post test ban treaty?
Kennedy assassination = 22 November 1963
Removal of Khrushchev = 14th October 1964
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What sped up agreements + A major factor in the NPT?
16th July 1964 = China successfully testing for nuclear bomb
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When was the Washington - Moscow Hotline set up ?
30th August 1963
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How did it work?
Either/both leaders could write a message, encrypt it and then transmit the message
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What did this practically mean ?
That the USA and the USSR could communicate 24/7 seven days a week although not immediate
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When was the hotline first used ?
During the six day war on the 5th June 1967
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When was the Test Ban treaty signed ?
5th August 1963
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When and by who was the idea initially proposed by ?
In the 1950s, by the Soviet Union
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What was a main motive for Khrushchev in wanting to halt and limit the arms race?
The Cost it was causing the Soviet Union
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What did Khrushchev say on this matter?
"We will be exhausting our material sources without raising the living standard of our people"
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What was a major worry in each superpowers public ?
Neither wanted to look weaker than the other. So, both leaders had to gain support
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What helped gain support for Kennedy?
His speeches at the American University
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What helped gain support for the USSR ?
The fact that the Test Ban Treaty was being held in Moscow gained support as people saw the USSR as in a bargaining position
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What was agreed at the Test ban Treaty?
The ban of nuclear testing the atmosphere, space and underwater. However, it permitted testing underground
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Who refused to sign the agreement ?
France and China
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Why was the Test Ban treaty significant ?
The first collective agreement to halt the arms race and showed that the East as well as the West were keen on an elevation of tension
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How did the Test ban treaty show an intent to eliminate the chances of a nuclear war ?
The treaty had demonstrated the USA and the USSR recognised its nuclear destructive potentiality and that in itself aided the reduction of a nuclear war occurring
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What, in terms of trust did the Test Ban Treaty demonstrate?
First time that the USA had trusted the USSR and vice versa. With no on site monitoring on testing needed
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What made the trust a little easier ?
The USA and USSR had already developed a relatively sophisticated satellite reconnaissance system
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What did Kennedy continue to do after the treaty ?
Continued to develop ICBMs and SLBMs to strengthen their defence system
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Talk about who had the upper hand ?
In the early 1960s, America had upper hand and had overestimated the strength of the USSR but by late 1960s the USSR had the upper hand as they had developed ABMs
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What was the relationship between the development of ABMs and MAD?
The development of ABMs made MAD basically ineffective and invalid
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Early 1967
Robert McNamara persuaded Johnson to halt the development of ABMs for talks with USSR
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What changed from the USSR being reluctant too willing?
The Soviet Union had ABMs but then the USA developed MIRVs which put the USSR in the backseat
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What does the NPT stand for ?
NPT= Non proliferation Treaty
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What triggered the NPT?
16th July 1964 - China successfully tested for its own nuclear weapon. Now MAD was ineffective as China were seen at the time as an 'irrational actor' as had admitted to the USSR they could have a 'cushion' death of 100 million with rising population
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What was agreed at NPT?
(1) Not give nuclear information to other countries
(2) Not encourage any other country to develop nuclear weapons
(3) They were allowed to use nuclear energy for peaceful methodology such as fuel
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When did most countries sign the NPT?
1968-70
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When did France and China sign it ?
1992
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What two things halted further talks (Salt I)
Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia
Lyndon B Johnson decision to run for election in November 1968
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When was Kissinger born and died ?
1923-present - he is 97 to this day
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Who was Kissinger ?
Served as both United States Secretary of state and National security adviser under Ford and Nixon

He was a diplomat and politician
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What did Kissinger say about the USA motives for détente ?
"Détente is a means of controlling the Soviet Union. It will develop a self interest in fostering the entire process of relaxation of tensions"
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What were the USSR motives for détente, explored in a speech given by Brezhnev ?
"A new correlation of forces in the world arena have been established. Now the leaders of the bourgeoise world can no longer seriously count on resolving the historic conflict between capitalism and communism by force of arms"
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What does this suggest about the USA and the USSR motives ?
That neither side were doing détente for the good of peace, rather saying that the other was to weak to fight against the other.
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What suggested that the USA and the USSR, for whatever moral reasons, keen on a détente ?
Test Ban Treaty = 5th August 1963
Non Proliferation Treaty = 1968
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As part of Salt I, what two treaties were signed ?
ABM treaty + The interim agreement on strategic offensive arms
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When was the ABM treaty signed ?
26th May 1972
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What was the ABM treaty ?
It was agreed that the USA and the USSR were limited to constructing two fields of ABMs with no more than 100 missiles
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Where would these two fields be positioned ?
One - around the capital city
Second - around their ICBM sites
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What were the impacts on the nuclear arms race from the ABM treaty?
(1) It halted needs to develop offensive nuclear weapons
2) No need to develop any more ABMs
(3) Both superpower recognised the others capability - mitigating the chances of a nuclear war
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When was the Interim agreement on strategic offensive arms ?
26th May 1972
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What was agreed during the agreement ?
A freeze on strategic missiles
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What did this constitute ?
ICBMs = 1054 USA, 1618 USSR
SLBMs = 656 USA, 740 USSR
Strategic bombers = 730 USA, 140 USSR
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What we're the 'catches' or flaws in the agreement?
Was affectively temporarily- lasted 5 years +Made no agreements on cruise missiles and MIRVs
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What was significant about these agreements ?
Were foundations that made détente possible - accepted nuclear parity - two superpowers were of equal status - this meant they both had something to gain
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What else was agreed at the Moscow Summit ?
The Basic Principles of relations
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What were the three main principles agreed?
(1) The USA and the USSR would settle disputes by peaceful means
(2) Live according to peaceful coexistence
(3) Identified a 'special responsibility'
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What were the downsides to the agreement ?
There was no legal status - they were simply guidelines of harmony
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How did the USA see/view the Basic Principles of relations ?
Just a set of aspirations
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How did the USSR see/view the Basic Principles of relations ?
Saw them as the utmost importance
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What happened after the Moscow Summit where Salt I and the basic principles of relations ?
Kissinger went to talk to Brezhnev at the Vladivostok Summit
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When was the Vladivostok Summit ?
November 1974
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What was agreed at the Vladivostok Summit?
Agreed to equal levels of SLBMs and ICBMs
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How long was the plan ?
10 years
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When was the agreements finalised ?
February 1975
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Why was the transition not going to be smooth ?
USA believed the equal number of air-surface missiles only applied to ABMs rather than cruise missiles - the USSR argued it applied to cruise missiles
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Give two people who opposed the agreements at the Vladivostok summit ?
Rumsfeld and Brown
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What impact did this opposition have on Ford ?
Forced to reconsider and propose new proposals. However, these were rejected
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What stalled further the agreements ?
Presidential election in 1976 against Democrat - Carter
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When did Carter propose new proposals ?
January 1977
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What was Carter attitude towards the arms race and Russia ?
Took a hard lined approach and a more ambition nuclear arms reduction plan
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Who was he under significant pressure from ?
National security adviser who had replaced Kissinger = Brzezinski
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When was Carter proposal unveiled ?
28th March 1977
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What was his plan ?
(1) To reduce levels of ICBMs
(2) To reduce levels of testing of new ICBMs
(3) The ban of new development of new ICBMs
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How did Brezhnev respond to the new proposals ?
Saw the agreements made between himself and Ford as binding and thus saw the new proposals as unacceptable and acting in a unilateral manner

Brezhnev rejected these proposals
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When was Salt 2 agreed ?
9th May 1979
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Where was it finalised ?
At the Vienna summit
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What was the word used to describe an easing of tensions in Europe ?
Ostpolitik
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What triggered a new phase of warming relations between European East-West ?
The appointment of Willy Brandt as chancellor of West Germany
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When was Willy Brandt appointed chancellor ?
October 1969
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What was fundamental to the change of relations?
Brandt decision to abandon the Hallstein Doctrine
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What was the Hallstein Doctrine
The Hallstein doctrine was a doctrine that said that the FDR would refuse to have any sort of diplomatic relations with any country that recognised the GDR
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What were Willy Brandt four main objectives ?
(1) To recognise East Germany
(2) Recognise the territorial changes of East Germany - oder-neisse border
(3) Negotiate with USSR to settle the frontier with Poland
(4) Hold talks with East Germany
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What did Brandt talks with the Soviet Union lead to ?
The Non - aggression pact
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When did the Non-Agression pact get signed ?
August 1970
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7th December 1970 ?
West Germany signed a treaty with Poland formally recognising the Oder-Neisse border
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May 1971 ?
Walter Ulbricht was replaced by Eric Honecker
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How was Ulbricht seen as ?
The last Stalinist
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What was significant about the shift in leadership ?
A shift in leadership caused a **** in relations
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December 1972 ?
West and East Germany signed an agreement formally recognising each other
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When did Brzenzenski replace Henry Kissinger ?
1977 when Carter become President
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What did Kissinger realise as a result of Ostpolitik ?
That the USA had to develop closer ties with the Soviet Union to prevent a West German détente marginalising US influence in Europe
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What was the Basic Treaty ?
The Basic treaty was a treaty concerning the basic principle of relations between the FRG and the GDR
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What was the goal of the treaty?
To normalise relations between the two Germany's
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When was the treaty signed ?
21st December 1972
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Where was the treaty signed ?
East Germany
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What three things were embedded in the Basic treaty ?
(1) Recognise the sovereignty of the FRG and the GDR
(2) The territorial inviolability
(3) Commitment to potential economic relations
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Why was the Basic treaty not just significant between East and West Germany but on a global scale ?
Allowed other countries to establish relations with the GDR
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By September 1973
Both the FDG and GDR were members of the United Nations
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December 1972?
Australia opened relations with the GDR
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February 1973?
United Kingdom
France
Netherlands
FRG
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December 1974
United states of America
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When did European Détente reach its highpoint ?
Helsinski Accords
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What were the Helsinki Accords ?
Talks from 1972-75
Between major Eastern European countries, except from Albania and the USA and the USSR
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How many states participated ?
35
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When were the final meetings held in Helsinki ?
30th July - 1 August 1975
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What was the outcomes of Helsinki accords called?
Final accords or Helsinki accords
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What was Basket I?
Security in Europe
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What ten things were agreed ?
(1) Cooperation among states
(2) No internal interference
(3) Self determination
(4) Settle disputes by peaceful means
(5) respect of sovereignty and equality among states
(6) No use of force
(7) Recognition of existing frontiers
(8) Territorial int
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Who was Mao successor
Den Xiaoping
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What was he passionate about ?
He emphases the centrality of economic over revolutionary
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When did Sino-US conflict come to an end ?
Non visit to China in 1972
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December 1978?
China and US reached an agreement over Taiwan
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What was agreed?
It was agreed that the US could continue to aid Taiwan militarily
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When we're formal diplomatic relations established ?
1st January 1979
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Card 2

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What was Khrushchev position before the Cuban Missile Crisis ?

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Was keen to improve the Soviet standard of living and improving the USSR's economy + peaceful coexistence

Card 3

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What stopped Khrushchev from acting in a cooperative and peaceful manner ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What impact did this have on Khrushchev?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What was Kennedy position before the Cuban Missile Crisis ?

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