crime + deviance (topic 2)
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- Created by: elliedoyle999
- Created on: 21-04-19 19:14
1. social construction of crime (internationalism + labelling theory)
1) they are interested in HOW + WHY acts become criminal... 2) no act is inherently criminal... 3) BECKER: 'deviance is in the eye of the beholder'... 4) MORAL ENTREPRENEURS: people who lead a moral campaign to change law... 5) new laws have 2 effect
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2. who gets labelled? (social construction of crime)
whether someone is arrested depends on: 1) relationship with agencies of social control- 2) appearance + personal background- 3) situation crime is in... 4) PILIAVIN + BRIAR: police decision arrest youth based on appearance, gender, class + ethnicity
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3. negotiation of justice= CICOUREL (social construction of crime)
1) police decision to arrest people based on stereotypes they have about criminals... 2) CICOUREL: police had *typifications* stereotypes of what criminal is like- leads them to focus on 'types' of people... this led to police showing CLASS BIAS
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4. negotiation of justice= CICOUREL (social construction of crime)
3) he found other 'agents of social control' reinforced class bias... 2) probation officers had sterotype that delinquency was caused by broken homes, bad parenting + broken homes... they saw these 'types' as more likely to offend.
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5. cicourel= topic VS resource (social construction of crime)
1) his study had effect on the way we use crime statistics... 2) he says crime CANT be used as a RESOURCE because they don't give us valid picture of crime... 3) he says instead should use them as a TOPIC to study: to investigate how they are created
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6. social construction of CRIME STATISTICS (social construction of crime)
1) INTERACTIONALISTS: crime stats are socially constructed... 2) agents of social control make decisions about going to the next stage in the criminal justice system: this depends on their LABEL... 3) stats show activities of police not crime levels.
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7. DARK FIGURE OF CRIME *social construction of crime statistics* (social construction of crime)
any crime that goes unreported or unrecorded.... this can affect official statistics because it doesn't show the REAL rate of crime.
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8. OTHER STATISTICS USED *social construction of crime statistics* (social construction of crime)
1) some sociologists use VICTIM SURVEYS or SELF-REPORT STUDIES to get a more accurate view of the amount of crime... 2) weaknesses: people can forget or exaggerate crimes... surveys don't include severe crimes.
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1. primary deviance (effects of labelling)
LEMERT: deviant acts that havent been publibally labelled... the crime goes uncaught and isnt very serious... people who commit these crimes rationalise it (eg 'moment of madness')... doesn't have an effect on persons status.
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2. secondary socialisation (effects of labelling)
when criminals are publicly labelled and get a 'reaction from society'... when someone is labelled it becomes their MASTER STATUS: status that takes over everything... means they are humiliated + excluded from society... treated like an outsider.
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3. deviant career (effects of labelling)
secondary deviance causes a deviant career... eg- an ex criminal cant get a job because no one will employ him.. so he turns to other outsiders and joins DEVIANT SUBCULTURE= which offer him deviant career opportunities + rewards 4 criminal behaviour.
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4. deviants career *YOUNG* (effects of labelling)
studied hippy marijuana users in Notting Hill... @ the start: the hippies use of drugs was primary deviance... over time: they were labelled by the control culture... became outsiders-made deviant subculture= led to self fulfilling prophecy
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5. deviant career *LEMERT + YOUNG*
their work showed that deviance is created by societies REACTION... and not the act itself... they said that this means the social contol processes (police, courts + laws) that are meant to mean people obey the law do the OPPOSITE.
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6. deviancy amplification spiral (effects of labelling)
LABELLING THEORISTS: this is when an attempt to control deviance leads to an increase in deviance... the more + more control lead to more + more deviance... this goes round in a spiral.
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7. deviancy amplification- APPLIED EXAMPLE * (effects of labelling)
COHEN: did a study of societies reaction to 'mods + rockers' in clacton... the press exaggerated & distorted stories of events and so caused a MORAL PANIC... this caused there to be concern so MORAL ENTREPRENEUR called for a crackdown on the law...
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8. deviancy amplification- APPLIED EXAMPLE ** (effects of labelling)
the police responded to the moral entrpeneurs by arresting more youths... the courts also had harsher punishments... this caused more concern... mods + rockers were branded as folk devils... so they caused more deviance= DEVIANCY AMPLIFICATION
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9. FOLK DEVILS + DARK FIGURE OF CRIME: deviancy amplification (effects of labelling)
DARK FIGURE OF CRIME: crime that goes ignored/unreported (under labelled)....... FOLK DEVILS: someone whos actions are seen as deviant, they are outsiders (they are over labelled).
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10. labelling in criminal justice policies * (effects of labelling)
1) studies show punishing young offenders can have the OPPOSITE effect & cause more deviance... 2) TRIPLETT: (usa) now more harsh on minor offences (eg truancy)= harsher sentences... which has led to the increase in offending (secondary deviance).
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11. labelling in criminal justice policies ** (effects of labelling)
1) findings of labelling theorists can effect policies in the CJ system... 2) they say we should MAKE LESS LAWS FOR PEOPLE TO BREAK (eg making soft drugs legal means there is less secondary deviance)... 3) AVOID PUBLICLY LABELLING CRIMINALS
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12. disintergrative shaming (effects of labelling)
when the crime + criminal is labelled as BAD... the offender is excluded from society
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13. reintergrative shaming (effects of labelling)
labelling the crime but NOT the criminal.. eg- 'he has done a bad thing'... NOT 'he is a bad person'
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
whether someone is arrested depends on: 1) relationship with agencies of social control- 2) appearance + personal background- 3) situation crime is in... 4) PILIAVIN + BRIAR: police decision arrest youth based on appearance, gender, class + ethnicity
Back
2. who gets labelled? (social construction of crime)
Card 3
Front
1) police decision to arrest people based on stereotypes they have about criminals... 2) CICOUREL: police had *typifications* stereotypes of what criminal is like- leads them to focus on 'types' of people... this led to police showing CLASS BIAS
Back
Card 4
Front
3) he found other 'agents of social control' reinforced class bias... 2) probation officers had sterotype that delinquency was caused by broken homes, bad parenting + broken homes... they saw these 'types' as more likely to offend.
Back
Card 5
Front
1) his study had effect on the way we use crime statistics... 2) he says crime CANT be used as a RESOURCE because they don't give us valid picture of crime... 3) he says instead should use them as a TOPIC to study: to investigate how they are created
Back
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