Costal Zone

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  • Created by: KateStoc
  • Created on: 01-02-17 18:51
Name 4 locations on the Holderness Coast.
Flamborough Head, Skipsea, Mappleton, Spurn Head.
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What is longshore drift?
Longshore drift is the movement of material along the coastline.
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What is mass movement?
The shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope.
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What are the two types of mass movement?
Slides: Material shifts in a straight line. Slumps: Material moves with a rotation.
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Define a destructive wave.
A wave that erodes. High frequency, high and steep. Weak Swash, strong backwash
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Define a constructive wave.
A wave that deposits. Low frequency, low and long. Strong Swash, weak backwash.
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Describe freeze-thaw (physical) weathering.
Temperature alternates above/below 0 degrees. When water in cracks freezes, it expands widening the crack. After several repetitions, the cracks cause the rock to break.
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Describe chemical weathering.
Involves changing the chemical compound.Rain water has dissolved carbon dioxide causing it to be a weak carbonic acid. THis reacts with calcium carbonate rocks such as limestone to dissolve them.
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How do wave-cut platforms form?
Waves cause erosion at the foot of a cliff. A wave-cut notch forms and gets bigger until the overhang collapses. This leaves a wave-cut platform and continues to occur causing the cliff to retreat.
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Describe the formation of headlands and bays.
Alternating bands of more and less resistant (to erosion) rocks have different rates of erosion. The more resistant rock takes longer to erode and so forms a headland. The less resistant rock erodes quicker and so forms a bay.
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Describe the formation of caves, arches and stacks.
Headlands have weaknesses that erode easier. Erosion casues the cracks to widen making an cave, and when it breaks through an arch. Eventually, the roof of the arch will erode away creating a stack, and then this makes a stump.
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Draw how longshore drift occurs.
.
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How do spits form?
Spits are sharp bends in the coastline. Longshore transports material past the end of the coast and deposites in the sea. Strong winds curve the end forming a distilled end. Behind mudflats or salt marshes from.
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How do bars and tombolos form?
A bar is when two headlands join together by longshore drift. It creates a lagoon behind. A tombolo is a spit that joins to an island.
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Why do sea levels rise?
Melting ice: melting ice on land (Antarctic ice sheets) causes an increase in volume or sea levels rise. Heating oceans: Increased global temps cause the water to expand and therefore take up more volume.
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Economic impacts of coastal flooding.
Decrease in tourism: people are put off. Damage repairs: Extremely expensive. Loss of agricultural land: salt water stops crops from growing so production is limited/stopped.
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Social impacts of coastal flooding.
Deaths. Water Supplies: salt water can contaminate water supplies. Loss of housing. Loss of jobs: e.g fishing boats destroyed means people are unable to fish. People relocated: may not want to leave.
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Environmental impacts of coastal flooding.
Ecosystems affected: high salt content can kill organisms. Vegetation killed: trees uprooted by waves and being drowned. Increased erosion: fast-moving water quickly erodes material.
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Coastal flooding case study - Maldives.
Group of islands in the Indian Ocean. 80% of land below 1m above sea level . 300 000 inhabitants.
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Economic Impacts - Maldives
Loss of tourism: Largest Industry, massive reduction in income. Disrupted fishing industry: Largest export, damage to processing plants and boats reduce exports and therefore income.
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Social Impacts - Maldives
Housing: many homes and communities would be destroyed. Less fresh water: fresh water is already scarce, but they will need to rely on rain water, or build expensive cleaning plants.
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Environmental Impacts - Maldives
Loss of beaches: beaches would be washed away, destroying habitats and leaving land behind exposed to flooding. Soil: soil would be easily washed away meaning plants would be unable to grow.
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Political Impacts - Maldives
Government asked the Japanese Government for $60mill to build a 3m sea wall around the capital Malé. The government has pledged to become carbon neutral. It is looking at buying land in Australia and India and moving people there.
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Coastal Erosion Case Study - Holderness Coast.
Average rate of erosion is 1.8m per year. The coastline goes from Flamborough Head to Spurn Point. Erosion is causing cliff collapse.
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Reasons for rapid erosion - Holderness Coast.
Easily eroded rock, e.g. boulder clay, which also cause cliffs to slump when wet. Naturally narrow beaches. Groynes starving beaches down the coast. Powerful waves: facing the prevailing wind.
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Social Impacts -Holderness Coast.
Homes are at risk of collapsing into the sea. Property prices have fallen sharply. Accessibility has been disrupted, e.g. roads falling off the cliff. Businesses, e.g. caravan park losing 10 pitches a year, losing money and jobs.
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Social Impacts -Holderness Coast (Continued).
Gas terminal at Easington at risk of falling, it supplies 25% of Britain's Gas. Large amounts of farmland are lost yearly
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Environmental Impacts -Holderness Coast.
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are threatened. An example is the Lagoons near Easington. If the spit is eroded it will be destroyed.
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Hard engineering: Sea Walls
Adv: Prevents erosion of cliffs and act as a barrier against flooding. Dis: Creates a strong backwash that erodes under the wall, expensive to build and maintain, eyesore, restricts access to beach
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Hard Engineering: Rock Armour
Adv: Absorb wave energy to reduce erosion and flooding, fairly cheap. Dis: Can be moved about by strong waves so need to be replaced, dangerous, restricts access to the beach.
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Hard Engineering: Groynes
Adv: Create wider beaches which slow waves, greater protection from flooding and erosion, fairly cheap. Dis: Starve beaches further down the coast, which leads to more erosion and floods.
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Soft Engineering: Beach Nourishment
Adv:Create wider beaches which slow waves, greater protection from flooding and erosion. Dis: taking material can kill organisms like coral, very expensive, has to be done many times.
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Soft Engineering:Dune Regeneration
Adv: create a barrier between the sea and land, wave energy is absorbed which prevents flooding and erosion. Dis: Protection is limited to a small area, Nourishment is very expensive.
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Soft Engineering: Marsh Creation
Adv: Vegetation stabilises the mudflats to reduce the speed of waves, preventing flooding and erosion, creates new habitats for organisms. Dis: WOn't work where erosion is high since the marsh can't establish, fairly expensive.
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Soft Engineering: Managed Retreat
Adv: Over time, land will become marshland, creating new habitats and reducing erosion and flooding, fairly cheap. Dis: People may disagree, e.g. farmers will be unwilling to let farmland flood.
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Hard Engineering Case Study - Holderness Coast
North of England, stretching from Flamborough Head to Spurn Point.
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Hard Engineering Case Study - Holderness Coast
Bridlington: protected by 4.7km sea wall and groynes. Mappleton: Rock Groynes costing £2mill. Hornsea: Sea wall, groynes and rock Armour. Spurn Head (and Humber Estuary): Groynes and rock armour.
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Hard Engineering Case Study - Holderness Coast
.
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Issues caused - Holderness Coast
Groynes cause narrow beaches further down, increasing erosion. South of the Humber Estuary (Lincolnshire Coast) has been starved meaning more erosion and flooding.
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Issues caused - Holderness Coast (Continued)
Spurn Head is at risk of being eroded away because less new material is being added. Bays are forming between protected area and protect areas are becoming headlands meaning they are more heavily eroded.
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Soft Engineering Case Study- Studland Bay
A bay in Dorset, South West England. Popular tourist destination. Heathland is a SSSI.
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Wildlife found- Studland Bay
Reptiles like adders, grass snakes & sand lizards. Bird like Dartford warblers (Rare). Fish like sea horses and plants like marram grass and heather.
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Soft Engineering Case Study- Studland Bay
Boardwalks guide people over the dunes without walking on them. Some dunes are fenced off and marram grass has been planted to stabilise the sand. Signs have been put up educating visitors. Fire beaters are placed in the heathland.
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Soft Engineering Case Study- Studland Bay (Continued)
Tourist facilities, e.g toilets, cafes, are all focused in one area. Boats cannot go in certain areas and have a speed limit to reduce disruption.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Longshore drift is the movement of material along the coastline.

Back

What is longshore drift?

Card 3

Front

The shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Slides: Material shifts in a straight line. Slumps: Material moves with a rotation.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A wave that erodes. High frequency, high and steep. Weak Swash, strong backwash

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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