Cold War Fact Test
- Created by: EllaBella888
- Created on: 26-03-17 10:28
List the three international conferences (and the years in which they took place) attended by the grand alliance in the later part of the Second World War
Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945), Potsdam (1945)
1 of 141
Although they agreed to 'Spheres of influence' at Tehran, what did they disagree about?
Germany- punish or rebuild
2 of 141
Name 3 decisions made at Yalta
Russian troops would help USA defeat Japan after Hitler was defeated, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to establish a communist gov in Poland, Work for democracy in Europe and established UN- organisation commited to maintaining peace
3 of 141
What were the signs of tension at Yalta
Disagreement over what democracy meant. The success was due to the good relationship between Stalin and Roosevelt. However, 2 months later R died and new president Harry S Truman was less willing to compromise with Stalin
4 of 141
Name three things they agreed on at Potsdam
They agreed to ban the Nazi party and prosecute surviving Nazis as war criminals. Agreed to reduce the size of Germany by 1/4 and agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones- allocated to France, UK, USA and USSR
5 of 141
Name three things there were disagreements over at Potsdam
Reparations, Atomic bomb and Poland
6 of 141
In addition to growing tensions at the conferences, there was a growing fear of war- intensified by a 'war of words' which increased suspicion. Name the two 'secret telegrams'
Long Telegram (USA) and Novikov Telegram (USSR)
7 of 141
What was produced by Truman in 1947 that is often seen as the unofficial decleration of the Cold War?
The Truman Doctrine
8 of 141
This decleration of 1947 set out a new policy towards communism. List 3 key features of it
World had a choice between tyranny and democratic freedom, America had a responsibility to fight for liberty (World's Policeman), America would send troops and resources to governements that felt threatened by communism- communism should be contained
9 of 141
The Marshall Plan of 1947 set out how much money to rebuild shattered European economies as Marshall Aid?
$13 billion
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How many countries welcomed the offer?
16 including UK and France
11 of 141
Name 3 countries that were run as satellite states by the USSR?
Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia
12 of 141
Stalin responded to the Truman Doctrine in 1947 with comminform. List 3 key features of this
Brought communist parties across Europe under the control of USSR (control eastern Europe). Rejected the Marshall Plan and refused Marshall Aid. Ensured the loyalty of eastern European govs (investigated and removed disloyal ones).
13 of 141
Comecon was the economic answer to Marshall Aid. What year was it introduced?
1949
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List three key features of Comecon
Boycotted Marshall Aid. Ecouraged economic development of eastern countries. Prevented trade with the USA/West
15 of 141
List the political and economic impacts of comecon
Political- minimised influence of the West. Economic- ensured that the benefits of economic growth in the east remained in the soviet 'sphere of influence'
16 of 141
The world was now divided- this had been made very clear by the Truman Doctrine and Cominform. What do we call this development?
Two Camps
17 of 141
The western sectors of Germany (Trizonia) upset Stalin in 1948. What two things did they do to upset him so much?
1. Set up an assembly to create a German constitution 2. Introduced a new currency
18 of 141
As a response, Stalin set up a blockade around West Berlin. When did this start?
June 1948
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What was he hoping to achieve with the blockade?
Stop the new government controlling west Germany
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What was he hoping the blockade would prove?
That a divided Germany could not work
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What was Truman's response?
An airlift
22 of 141
At it's height how many tonnes of supplies were being sent into West Berlin?
170,000 tonnes a month
23 of 141
When did Stalin end the blockade?
May 1949
24 of 141
In September West Germany became a separate country- also known as what?
FDR (Federal Republic of Germany)
25 of 141
In October East Germany became a separate country- also known as what?
GDR (German Democratic Republic)
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When was NATO formed?
April 1949
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What was the aim of NATO?
Defend the West against communism
28 of 141
In May 1955, the USSR responded with what?
The Warsaw Pact
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The arms race was a key feature of the Cold War. When did the USSR develop it's own atomic bomb?
1949
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When did both sides have hydrogen bombs?
1953
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Who was Hungary's dictator from 1949-56?
Rakosi
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What was his nickname?
The bald butcher
33 of 141
His oppressive regime imprisoned how many people?
387,000
34 of 141
Following Stalin's death in 1953 what started happening in the USSR and eastern countries?
De-Stalinisation
35 of 141
What happened in Hungary after Khrushchev's secret speech? (3 points)
Students rioted, huge demonstrations in Budapest, a more liberal leader was appointed
36 of 141
Who was the next leader of Hungary (more liberal)
Imre Nagy
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Khrushchev was unhappy with the more liberal approach in Hungary- how many troops did he send into Hungary?
200,000
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How many were killed and how many fled?
20,000 killed and 200,000 fled
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What happened to Nagy?
Arrested and hanged in June 1958
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What did the USA do (2 points?)
No military support, $20 million food and aid
41 of 141
Who became the next Hungarian leader?
Kadar
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Name 2 points from his new 15 point programme:
Remain in Warsaw Pact, Re-establish communist control
43 of 141
The East German government was unpopular and many people started leaving to go to the West- how many people moved between 1949 and 1961?
2.7 million
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By August 1961 how many people a day were leaving for the West?
3000
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Why did Berlin become the center of this problem?
It was easy to cross the city into the western side
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Khrushchev was worried- what did he do in 1958 (2 points)
Declared whole of Berlin belonged to East Germany, gave the USA 6 months to get troops out
47 of 141
List the 4 summits attended by USA and USSR to resolve the issue of Berlin (4 points)
Geneva (May 1959), Camp David (Sept 1959), Paris (May 1960), Vienna (June 1961)
48 of 141
The USA would not give in to Khrushchev's demands- instead it seemed war was near. What things did Kennedy do in 1961 which alluded to this? (2 points)
Activated 150,000 reservists and increased defense expenditures
49 of 141
Khrushchev did not want to go to war so his answer was to build a wall around West Berlin. When was the wall first erected?
12th August 1961
50 of 141
It took months to build. When it was complete what was it made up of? (3 points)
A heavily guarded wall, Watch towers and a Death *****
51 of 141
What did Kennedy say about the wall?
'A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war'
52 of 141
How many people were killed attempting to corss the wall?
170
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How many people are thought to have escaped successfully?
5000
54 of 141
List 3 impacts of the wall (3 points)
Stopped East Germans escaping to the West, allowed Khrushchev to avoid war but still appear strong, the wall became a powerful symbol of the divison of Europe
55 of 141
What famous words did Kennedy give in his speech when he visited Berlin in 1963?
Ich bin ein Berliner
56 of 141
What American planes could be used to drop nuclear weapons on USSR?
B52 Bombers
57 of 141
Whats did USSR launch in 1957 which worried the USA?
Sputnik 1
58 of 141
How far away from the USA was Cuba?
93 miles
59 of 141
When was the Cuban Revolution?
1959
60 of 141
Who became the new leader of Cuba?
Fidel Castro
61 of 141
Castro took over American property in Cuba- the USA responded by banning the import of what?
Cuban sugar
62 of 141
Who did the USA look to for help?
The USSR
63 of 141
The USA backed mission to overthrow Cuba in April 1961 was known as what?
The Bay of Pigs
64 of 141
The plan failed- the Cuban people supported Castro. How many days did it take to defeat the US backed forces?
2 days
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The Cuban Missile Crisis is also referred to as what, because of the time it lasted?
The 13 days (16th October-28th October)
66 of 141
How many ships carrying a 'secret cargo' did Khrushchev send to Cuba?
114
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American Spy planes spotted missile sites and fed back to Kennedy- he responds with what?
A Blockade
68 of 141
On what day does he announce this to the public?
22nd October 1963
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In the end the 2 sides came to a deal. List three parts of this deal
USSR to remove missiles from Cuba, USA to remove missiles from Turkey, USA will never invade Cuba
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Which part is kept secret?
Turkey
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On what date was the deal agreed?
28th October 1963
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Both leaders had advisers- some wanted aggressive tactics, some diplomatic. What were these 2 sides called?
Hawkes and Doves
73 of 141
List three immediate consequences of the crisis
Khrushchev loses some authority, Hotline is set up, Limited Test Ban Treaty
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List three long term consequences of the crisis
USSR advanced their nuclear weapons to catch up with USA, Doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), France decides to leave NATO
75 of 141
List four reasons why the Czech people were unhappy in the 1960s
Run by secret police, All political opposition crushed, Economy struggling, Declining standard of living
76 of 141
Who replaced Novotny as the new Communist Party leader?
Dubcek
77 of 141
What were the new leaders aims? (3 points)
Socialism with a human face, reform economy, more cultural freedom
78 of 141
Dubcek introduced a series of reforms known as the Prague Spring. List 4 of these reforms
Relaxed press censorship, Legalised political groups, allowed criticism of the government, Market socialism
79 of 141
Why did this cause a dilemma for Brezhnev?
Dubcek was his friend- but this could lead to the breakup of the Eastern bloc
80 of 141
When did Brezhnev invade?
August 1968
81 of 141
What did Brezhnev then create in order to justify his invasion?
Brezhnev Doctrine
82 of 141
What did this document state?
USSR had a right to invade any Eastern European country that threatened the security of the Estern bloc
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How did the Czechoslovakian people respond to the invasion?
Non-violent civil disobedience
84 of 141
What happened to Dubcek as a result of the invasion? (3 points)
Arrested, taken to Moscow, forced to sign the Moscow Protocol
85 of 141
How did the USA respond?
Condemned it but did nothing
86 of 141
How did some Estern European Communists respond?
Condemned it and distanced themselves from the USSR
87 of 141
Name 2 Eastern European countries which did this?
Yugoslavia and Romania
88 of 141
Which 2 countries spported it?
East Germany and Poland
89 of 141
How did Western Communists respond?
Condemned it- formally declared themselves independant of the Soviet Communists Party
90 of 141
During what decades did Russia and America follow the policy of Détente?
1960s and 70s
91 of 141
List the 2 treaties of the 1960s which limited the possibility of further conflict
1967 Outer Space Treaty, 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
92 of 141
What does SALT stand for?
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
93 of 141
When was SALT signed?
1972
94 of 141
List 3 limits SALT placed on nuclear capability
1. No further production of short range missiles 2. Submarines carrying nuclear missiles would only be introduced exsiting stocks of short range missiles became out of date 3. Both sides limited to 2 ABMs (anti-ballistic missiles)
95 of 141
Why were for SALT 2 difficult? (2 points)
West Germany were worried that a reduction of arms would leave them undefended, Right wing Americans thought Détente had gone too far
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When was SALT 2 eventually signed?
June 1979
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When was the Apollo-Soyuz mission?
1975
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How did this help relations?
Superpower cooperation in space for the first time
99 of 141
When was the Helsinki Agreement?
1975
100 of 141
What were the three main issues associated with Helsinki?
Security, Cooperation and Human Rights
101 of 141
When was the Kabul Revolution?
April 1978
102 of 141
Who was the new communist president of Afghanistan?
Mohammed Taraki
103 of 141
Who did the new President accept as Prime Minister when froced by civil war?
Hafizullah Amin
104 of 141
When was the President assassinated and by who?
October 1979 by Amin Supporters
105 of 141
When did the Soviets invade under Brezhnevs orders?
December 1979
106 of 141
What were the main reasons for the Soviet invasion? (4 points)
Soviet secret police reported Amin was a spy for the USA, Brezhnev was concerned Afghanistan would become a non-communist Islamic state, Brezhnev thought USA would tolerate it, USSR wanted Babrak Karmal in charge
107 of 141
How long did the invasion last?
10 years
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How many people died during the invasion (total and Russian soldiers)
1.5 million in total, 15,000 Russian soldiers
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What did the new American President issue after the invasion?
The Carter Doctrine
110 of 141
What did this statement say?
USSR would not be allowed to gain territory in the oil rich middle east
111 of 141
What steps did Jimmy Carter do to try to remove Soviet troops from Afghanistan? (3 points)
1. USA, China and Israel provided weapons for the Mujahideen- an islamic organisation which was fighting Soviet presence 2. Imposed economic sanctions stopping virtually all trade with the USSR 3. He ended diplomatic relations with the USSR
112 of 141
Why did SALT 2 never become law?
In response to the Soveit invasion of Afghanistan, the US Senate refused to ratify the treaty
113 of 141
What percentage did Carter increase the US defence spending by?
5%
114 of 141
How many countries boycotted the Moscow 1980 Olympic games?
Around 60, including China, Malawi and West Germany
115 of 141
What were the alternative games called and where were they held?
The Olympic Boycott Games, held in Philadelphia
116 of 141
How many countries boycottedd the 1984 LA Olympic games?
The USSR and 14 communist countries
117 of 141
What phrase is used to describe the period between 1979-85, marking a new low in superpower relations?
The 'Second Cold War'
118 of 141
What were the new US Presidents, Ronald Reagan, views on Détente?
He belived that Détente had made the USA weak whilst allowing the USSR to grow strong
119 of 141
When was Reagan's 'Evil Empire' speech?
March 1983
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What was the main message of the speech to the US public?
The Cold War was a moral war and the USA had a moral duty to invest in new nuclear weapons in order to defend liberty from the 'evil' Soviet Union
121 of 141
Why were French and British commentators worried about Reagan?
He stated he could imagine 'a limited nuclear war in Europe'
122 of 141
What did reagans proposed 'nuclear umbrella' mean (SDI)?
By launching an army of satellites equipped with lasers, which would intercept Soviet missiles in space before they could do the USA any damage
123 of 141
What did SDI break the terms of?
The Outer Space Treaty of 1967
124 of 141
Give three reasons why the USSR could no longer comete in the arms race following SDI
1. America had won the race to the moon in '69 and by 1980 had developed the space shuttle. 2. The Soviet economy was not producing enough wealth to fund military spending or space programmes. 3. USSR was behind with computer tech needed for SDI
125 of 141
Who was the last leader of the USSR from 1985 until its collapse in 1991?
Mikhail Gorbachev
126 of 141
What was his first comment on Reagan?
'He is extremey primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded'
127 of 141
When did the Chernobyl nuclear plant explode?
April 1986
128 of 141
What did the Chernobyl crisis signify?
It became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism
129 of 141
What was Russia dominated by in the 1980s?
Shortages
130 of 141
Give the two terms and the definitions describing the programme of reform that Gorbachev introduced
1. Perestroika (restructuring)- economic reforms designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient. 2. Gasnost (openness)- censorship of the press was to be relaxed
131 of 141
What did Gorbachev assume that the reforms would do?
Strengthen the power of the Soviet Communist Party
132 of 141
What were Reagan and Gorbachev's aims for the Geneva summit in November 1985?
Reagan- Persuade Gorbachev that he sincerely desired peace between the superpowers. Gorbachev- Hoped to convince Reagans plans for SDI
133 of 141
Why was the Geneva meeting significant?
The Two leaders were able to talk more face to face and develope a personal relationship. However, no formal agreements on arms control were reached
134 of 141
What happened at the Reykjavik meeting of October 1986?
Reagan proposed scrapping all balistic nuclear missiles. Gorbachev was unwilling to agree to these proposals because Reagan refused to drop the SDI project
135 of 141
What does the INF treaty stand for?
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty
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When was INF signed?
December 1987
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What did the treaty do and why was it significant in regards to international relations?
It eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5500 kilometres. It was significant as it was the first treaty that had actually reduced the number of nuclear weapons the superpowers possessed
138 of 141
How did Gorbachevs reforms start the breakup of the Eastern bloc?
Gorbachev hoped to strengthen communism by reform. However, once reform started in Eastern Europe, he was unable to contain it. Eastern governments were weakened
139 of 141
When was it announced that East Germans would be allowed to cross the border with West Berlin?
9th November 1990
140 of 141
When was the Warsaw Pact formally dissolved?
July 1991
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Although they agreed to 'Spheres of influence' at Tehran, what did they disagree about?
Back
Germany- punish or rebuild
Card 3
Front
Name 3 decisions made at Yalta
Back
Card 4
Front
What were the signs of tension at Yalta
Back
Card 5
Front
Name three things they agreed on at Potsdam
Back
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