Cold War - 16: Pressures on the USSR

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 24-04-19 17:13
When did Brezhnev become leader of the USSR?
October 1964
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Brezhnev's beliefs to continue stability of Eastern Bloc countries?
Economic progress - material improvements tended to result in a decline in protest.
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What initially triggered the Czechoslovakian crisis of 1968?
Economic decline
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Who was the influential economist in Czechoslovakia + what did he propose?
Ota Sik: Proposed reforms- end to centrally planned economic targets, a Comm. Party responsive to public opinion, consumer rights, workforce having more power.
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When was the Prague Spring?
1968
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Who replaced the comm party leader in Czechoslovakia in Jan 1968? Why?
Dubcek: Appeared to be a typical party bureaucrat + was a Slovak (party hoped he would prevent protest) but in reality he was an advocate for political reform.
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What were Dubeck's reforms?
Eliminated press censorship, April 1968: Action Programme announced which stated that the Comm.'s party determination to achieve socialism according to a distinct Czechoslovak path.
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What did Dubcek say would need to happen in order to achieve the Action Programme?
Basic freedoms of speech, press and movement - incl travel to Western countries, formal recognition of Israel, freedom for economic enterprises to make decisions based on consumer demands not gov targets, increased rights of autonomy for Slovaks.
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How did Dubcek protect these reforms?
By stating that Czechoslovakia would remain a loyal member of the Warsaw pact
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What triggered a Soviet response?
Dubcek ended all press censorship, planned to open borders w/the West and began trade agreements w/West Germany.
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What was the initial Soviet response?
Letter from Warsaw Pact countries in July 1968 (after intimidating military exercises), it summarised Czechoslovakias right to self-determination but argued a challenge in one country=threat to whole of socialism.
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When did Warsaw Pact countries invade? Effect of this?
20-21 August 1968: Warsaw Pact faced no international action (status quo accepted by W), China + Romania = complained about the invasion (even though comm), NATO did not feel threatened by the invasion, USSR violated sovereignty of Czechoslovakia.
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How many injured/died?
500 wounded, 100 dead.
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When + what was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
Nov 1968: It was the responsibility of communist states to intervene in order to protect the good of the whole communist community + deviation from communism would lead to action from USSR.
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Why was the Sino-Soviet alliance defunct by 1962?
Mao felt that his position was not respected by the Soviets, accused KV of revisionism, esp due to peaceful coexistence. KV felt he should be leader of the comm world.
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What actions did KV take that may have provoked or angered Mao?
Withdrew technological aid from the Chinese by removing Soviet experts in 1960, refused to fulfil his agreement of providing a prototype atomic bomb to China, did not inform them of missiles in Cuba in 1962.
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What actions did Mao take that may have provoked or angered KV?
Provoked the US by bombing Taiwanese islands in 1958, criticised KV for being unwilling to use nuclear weapons, criticised KV for removing the missiles in Cuba (betrayed Cuban revolution), thought KV had abandoned struggle against capitalists.
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What was the Malinovsky incident?
At Sino-Soviet talks in late 1964, the Soviet Defence minister suggested to his Chinese delegate that China remove Mao just as the USSR had removed KV (led to immediate breakdown in talks)
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How did Vietnam impact the Sino-Soviet relationship?
April 1965: USSR requested a meeting w/China + N Vietnam to develop a collective response towards the USA's escalation of war. Never took place (China resisted) Mao wanted N vietnam to remain dependent on China, not USSR.
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What did the USSR suggest after the meeting never took place regarding Vietnam?
USSR proposed establishing a Soviet air force base in S China to protect the Sin-Vietnamese border against possible US aggression. China viewed this as Soviet military intrusion on its territory+believed the USSR=imperialistThreat to China+his regime
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When + what was the cultural revolution?
1966: Reaction to what Mao saw as a drift from ideological purity of the Chinese revolution he led. Designed to restore ideological correctness +identify deviants. Enabled Mao to strengthen his own power + justified eliminating political rivals.
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How did the cultural revolution affect relations with USSR?
Attacked USSR as revisionists. The Soviet Union's embassy in Beijing was besieged by a Red Guard (Mao) mob led by a 16yo girl, threatened to burn the embassy down.
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First incident of Sino-Soviet border clashes?
March 1969: A Soviet border patrol in E USSR was ambushed by Chinese forces after Mao was convinced the USSR wanted to attack due to a build up of Soviet forces on the Sino-Soviet border.
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Second incident of Sino-Soviet border clashes?
Aug 1969: Although talks were held to reassure that neither country wanted war, Mao remained insecure. Mao began a rapport with the USA.
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Card 2

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Brezhnev's beliefs to continue stability of Eastern Bloc countries?

Back

Economic progress - material improvements tended to result in a decline in protest.

Card 3

Front

What initially triggered the Czechoslovakian crisis of 1968?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who was the influential economist in Czechoslovakia + what did he propose?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When was the Prague Spring?

Back

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