Chemistry A OCR Key definitions unit 2

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  • Created by: Amy
  • Created on: 01-06-13 18:33
Hydrocarbons
are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only
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A Saturated Hydrocarbon
is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only
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An Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
is a hydrocarbon conataining carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
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An Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chain
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A Functional Group
is the part of the organic molecule responsible for it's chemical reactions
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A Homologous Series
is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2
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Alkanes
are the homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2
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Nomenclature
is a system of naming compounds
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An Alkyl Group
is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed e.g CH3
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A General Formula
is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
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A Displayed Formula
shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
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A Structural Formula
shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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A Skeletal Formula
is a simplified organic formula , with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains , leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
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Structural Isomers
are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms
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Stereoisomers
are compounds with the same structural formula , but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space
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E/Z isomerism
is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C
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Homolytic fission
is the breaking of a covalent bond , with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom , forming two radicals.
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A Radical
is a species with an unparied electron
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Heterolytic Fission
is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms
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A Nucleophile
is an atom (or group of) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom , where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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A Electrophile
is an atom (or group of ) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom , where it accepts a piar of elctrons to form a new covalent bond
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An Addition Reaction
is a reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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A Substitution reaction
is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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An Elimination Reaction
refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
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Fractional Distilation
is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point ( and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation , typically using a fractioning collum
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Cracking
refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes
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A Catalyst
is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
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Radical Substitution
is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms
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Mechanism
is a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
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Initiation
is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation
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Propagation
is the two repeated steps in a radical substitution that build up products in a chain reaction
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Termination
is the step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule
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A pi-bond
is the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by a sideways overlap of p orbitals
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Electrophillic addition
is a type of addition reaction in whcih an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom , where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Carbocation
is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
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A Curly Arrow
is a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond
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A Polymer
is a long molecular chain built up from monomer units
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A Monomer
is a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
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Addition Polymerisation
is the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain ( the addition polymer)
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An Addition Polymer
is a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reaction of many unsaturated alkene molecules
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A Repeat Unit
is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets , outside of which is the symbol n
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Biodegradable Material
is a material that is broken down naturally in the enviroment by living organisms
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only

Back

A Saturated Hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

is a hydrocarbon conataining carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chain

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

is the part of the organic molecule responsible for it's chemical reactions

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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