Chemistry (GCSE)- Autumn Term (Yr.11)
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- Created by: lizzie.0602
- Created on: 10-09-18 16:03
define hydrocarbon
a molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon only
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define crude oil
oil extracted from the ground; finite resource (will run out), its the remains of ancient biomass which over the years becomes a mixture of lots of different compunds
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what are most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil ?
alkanes
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what are alkanes ?
saturated hydrocarbons, this means they contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible
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what are the first four alkanes ?
methane, ethane, propane, butane
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what are properties of hydrocarbons ?
as the chain length increases: viscosity is higher (liquid more gloopy), boiling points increase, flammability decreases, volatility decreases
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what is the formula for a hydrocarbon + oxygen ?
hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
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define volatile
how easily something turns from a liquid to gas
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how does fractional distillation work with crude oil ?
oil is heated, column is hot at bottom and cold at top, substances condense according to their boiling points, those with higher boiling points condense at bottom, each fraction contains hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms
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what are the two uses for crude oil ?
fuels, organic compounds (polyester, pencil case)
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why do scientists use cracking ?
to meet supply and demand of smaller alkanes by splitting longer hydrocarbons into more useful smaller ones
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what does cracking split the longer hydrocarbons into ?
an alkene and an alkane
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what is an alkene ?
an unsaturated hydrocarbon
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what is cracking ? and what are the two types ?
thermal decomposition of a long hydrocarbon, catalytic cracking and steam cracking
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what is catalytic cracking ?
using aluminium oxide when the vapour of the long hydrocarbons pass over the catalyst splitting/ cracking the hydrocarbon into an aklane and alkene on the surface of the catalyst
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what is steam cracking ?
when the vapour of hydrocarbon is mixed with steam and heated to a high temp and thermal decomposition takes place
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why is cracking important ?
to meet the supply and demand needs of the shorter chain alkanes
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what type of reaction is cracking ?
therml decompostiton reaction
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what is a use for an alkene ?
organic feedstock, used to produce polymers and the building blocks for new chemicals
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whats more reactive alkenes or alkanes ?
alkenes
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what is the test for alkenes ?
they turn bromine water, which is normally an orange colour, clear because of the new compound they form
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what does an alkene produce after its reacted with hydrogen ?
propene+ hydrogen = propane
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what does an alkene produce after its reacted with water ?
propene + water= propanol, how alcohol is made
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what does an alkene produce after its reacted with a halogen ?
propene + chlorine= chloropropane
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what does hydrogenating something mean ?
added hydrogen to an atom or molecule
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how is ethanol made ?
by mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a caalyst
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define polymerisation
many monomers joining to form polymers
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define addition polymerisation
type of polymerisation joins alkenes together to make polymers
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how do you draw a polymer from a monomer ?, draw a monomer from a polymer ?
look at book two half way through
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what is the general equation for alcohols ?
Cn H2n+1 O H
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define functional groups
a group of atoms that are responsible for the chemical properties of a compound eg.OH group in alcohols
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define homologuseries
a group of chemicals that react in a similar way because they have the same functional group eg. alcohols
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what are the properties of alcohols ?
all flammable, first four dissolve in water to form neutral solutions, react with sodium and the product is hydrogen, can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
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what are the uses of alcohols ?
alcoholic drinks, solvents used to dissolve some compounds eg, white spirit with paint, fuels eg, spirit burners
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what the equation for making sugar from ethanol ?
sugar + yeast= carbon dioxide + ethanol,its made by being in 37 degrees in a slightly acidic solution and anaerobic respiration
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how are condensation polymers formed ?
monomers with two functional groups react together and a small molecule, often water, is lost
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what are simplistic condensation polymer ?
dicarboxylic acids and diols
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what happens when dicarboxylic acids react with diols ?
condensation reaction and an ester link is formed
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What polymers are found naturally ?
Amino acids, with a functional group of either nh2 or cooh
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What other polymer is found naturally ?
DNA with a double helix structure where the polymers attach to the opposite base on the other side
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What is a simple sugar ?
A molecule which contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
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What do simple sugars react together to form ?
Large carbohydrate polymers eg. Starch
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Define pure substance
Only contains one compound/ element
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How do you test for purity ?
Check the boiling and melting points
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Why do you check the boiling and melting points when looking at purity ?
Because pure samples have a specific boiling and melting point, impurity’s have lower melting points and increasing boiling points
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Define formulation
Mixture with a precise purpose that is made by following a formula
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What are formulations used for ?
Phamacurticals, cleaning products, cosmetics, fuels
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What is in paint ?
Pigment (colour), solvent (used to dissolve other components), binder (forms a film that holds pigment in place), addictives (added to further change physical and chemical properties of paint)
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What is chromatography used for ?
Used to separate a mixture of different dyes
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What’s the test for chlorine ?
Bleaches a damp piece of litmus paper
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What’s the test for hydrogen ?
Squeaky pop test by putting a lit splint at the end of a test tube and you should hear a pop
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What’s the test for oxygen ?
Hold a glowing splint at the end of a test tube and it should relight
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What’s the test for carbon dioxide ?
Bubbling it through lime water and the limewater should turn cloudy
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What’s the test for ions ?
When you burn them in a flame the flame will turn different colours depending on element
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What colour do the flames go for different ions ?
Lithium- red, sodium- yellow, potassium- lilac, calcium- orangey/ red, copper- green
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29.10.18
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
define crude oil
Back
oil extracted from the ground; finite resource (will run out), its the remains of ancient biomass which over the years becomes a mixture of lots of different compunds
Card 3
Front
what are most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil ?
Back
Card 4
Front
what are alkanes ?
Back
Card 5
Front
what are the first four alkanes ?
Back
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