Biology unit 2 - Higher tier

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What do most human and animal cells have?
A nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
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What is the function of the nucleus?
It controls a cell's activities.
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What is the function of a cytoplasm?
This is where most chemical reactions take place.
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What is the function of a ribosome?
It is where protein synthesis occurs.
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What is the function of mitochondria?
This is where energy is released in aerobic respiration.
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
It controls the movement of material in and out of the cell.
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What are the features of plant and algal cells?
They contain chloroplasts, cell wall and a permanent vacuole.
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What is the function of a cell wall?
It is made from cellulose which strengthens the cell
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
They absorb light to produce food for the plant
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What is the function of a permanent vacuole?
The cell is filled with cell sap and it keeps the cell rigid.
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What is the structure of a bacterial cell?
It contains a cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall with no nucleus.
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What type of organism is yeast?
A single-celled organism
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What is the structure of a yeast cell?
It contains a nucleus, a cell membrane and a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell wall.
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What are specialised cells?
These are cells that have particular characteristics to carry out particular functions.
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What features does a fat cell have and what is its shape?
It has a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and fat storage. It has a circular shape.
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What features does a cone cell have?
It has an outer segment, mitochondria and a nucleus.
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What features does a root hair cell have?
It has a root hair, a large permanent vacuole, cell membrane and a cell wall.
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What features does a sperm cell have?
It has an acrosome, mitochondria, nucleus and a tail.
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What features does a red blood cell have?
It has a cytoplasm, cell membrane and a cell wall with no nucleus.
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What features does a muscle cell have?
It has many nuclei.
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What features do cilliated cells have?
It has cilia and nuclei.
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What features does a xylem vessel have?
It has a nucleus and lignin with no cytoplasm.
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How can substances move into and out of cells?
By diffusion.
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What is diffusion?
It is the NET movement of molecules in a fluid from a region of high concerntration to a region of low concerntration until they reach equilibrium.
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How does respiration work by diffusion?
Oxygen required for respiration passes through cell membranes by diffusion.
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What is a concerntration gradient?
It is a difference in concerntration between two areas.
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What factors affect diffusion?
Temperature, increasing the speed of molecule, increase concerntration gradient, increasing surface area and adding more substance.
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Put these from smallest to largest: a tissue, an organ system, organ and a cell
A cell, tissue, organ and an organ system.
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What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.
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What is an organ?
It is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.
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What is an organ system?
It is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function.
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How does the concerntration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?
The greater the difference in concerntration, the faster the rate of diffusion.
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What do large multicellular organisms develop?
They develop systems for exchanging materials.
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What happens during the development of a multicellular organism?
Cells differentiate so they can perform different functions.
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What is the function of muscular tissue?
It contracts to bring about movement.
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What is the function of glandular tissue?
It produces substances such as, enzymes and hormones.
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
It covers some parts of the body.
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What tissues does the stomach contain and what are their functions?
It contains muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue. Muscular tissue churns the contents, glandular tissue produces digestive juices and epithelial tissue covers the inside and outside of the stomach.
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Give an example of an organ system and describe what it does.
The digestive system is where humans and mammels can exchange substances with the environment.
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What does the digestive system include?
It contains a mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and anus.
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Where is a bacteria's gentic material situated?
In its cytoplasm
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What type of organism is bacteria?
A single-celled organism
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What is a colony?
It is formed when bacteria multiply.
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Describe the structure of a bacterial chromosone?
It is circular and is found free in the cytoplasm.
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What is a plasmid?
It is an extra circle of DNA found in the cytoplasm, which carries extra genetic information.
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What is a flagellum?
It is a long strand of protein that lashes about, used to help move themselves around.
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How do yeasts reproduce?
They reproduce by assexual budding, which involves a new cell growing from the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism.
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What type of respiration do yeasts use when there is plenty of oxygen?
Yeasts use aerobic respiration when oxygen is present and produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
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What type of respiration do yeasts use when there isn't much oxygen?
Yeasts use anaerobic respiration when there isn't much oxygen and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is also known as fermentation.
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Which cell is bigger a bacteria cell or a yeast cell?
A yeast cell
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Why does a fat cell have a few mitochondria?
The cell needs little energy so it has a few mitochondria.
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What can a fat cell do?
It can expand as it fills with fat.
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How much fat and cytoplasm does a fat cell have?
It has a small amount of cytoplasm and a large amount of fat.
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Why does a root hair cell have a large surface area?
It has a large surface area so that the root can absorb water and mineral ions effectively.
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What does the large permanent vacuole do?
It speeds up the movement of water by osmois from the soil across the root hair cell.
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Why does a sperm cell have mitochondria in its middle section?
Mitochondria releases energy for movement.
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What is the function of a long tail in a sperm cell?
It helps the sperm to move towards the egg.
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What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
It stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg.
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What is the function of a large nucleus in a sperm cell?
It contains genetic information to be passed on.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the function of the nucleus?

Back

It controls a cell's activities.

Card 3

Front

What is the function of a cytoplasm?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the function of a ribosome?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the function of mitochondria?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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