Biology- Transport in animals
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- Created by: Kitsune
- Created on: 31-01-17 10:31
When can substances diffuse into an organism without a transport system?
When the organism has a high surface area to volume ratio
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Why do humans require a transport system?
Humans have a low surface area to volume ratio so not all cells can receive needed substances
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Where are blood cells formed?
In the bone marrow of long bones
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What is the blood system an example of in vertebrates?
A mass flow system
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What is the mass flow system made of?
A pump, a system of tubes, sites of exchange and a pump
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What is the % consistency of blood?
55% plasma+ 45% red blood cells + wbc + platelets
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How are red blood cells called?
Erythrocytes
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What is the function of RBC?
Transport of oxygen
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How are RBC adapted to their function?
They contain hemoglobin, they are biconcave, they have no uncle, flexible
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What are the two types of WBC?
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
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What is the function of lymphocytes?
Antibody production
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How are lymphocytes adapted to their function?
They have a large nucleus which contains many genes
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What is the function of phagocytes?
Phagocytosis
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What do the platelets do?
They take part in blood clotting
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How are platelets adapted to their function?
They have blood clotting enzymes
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What does the blood transport?
Soluble products of digestion, waste materials, respiratory gases, hormones
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State the 4 functions of blood.
Regulatory (homeostasis), protective, transport, support
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How does the blood carry out its regulatory function?
Blood solute level regulates the movement of water between the blood and tissues. Water plays part in heat distribution. Blood maintains optimum pH in tissues
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Arteries carry ... blood....
oxygenated blood away from the heart
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Veins carry ... blood ....
deoxygenated blood to the heart
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Describe arteries.
They have elastic walls because they carry blood at high pressure. Outer wall is thick, the lumen is narrow
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Describe veins.
They have thin outer walls since blood flows at low pressure. Lumen is wide. Valves prevent the back flow of blood.
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Why are vein walls so thin?
To reduce resistance
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How do you call the small extensions from the arteries?
Arterioles
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How do you call the small extensions from the veins?
Venules
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What allows blood to bypass capillaries?
Shunt vessels
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Name the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
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Name the vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the heart
Pulmonary vein
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Name the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
Vena cava
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Name the vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the body
Aorta
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Name the vessel that carries blood with optimum concentrations of food substances to the circulation
Hepatic vein
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Name the vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the liver
Hepatic artery
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Name the vessel that carries blood with products from digestion
Hepatic portal vein
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Name the vessel that carries blood with reduced urea concentration
Renal vein
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Name the vessel that carries oxygenated blood with high urea concentration to the kidneys
Renal artery
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How are capillaries adapted to their functions?
walls of capillaries are one cell thick, capillaries are highly branched, they are constantly supplied with fresh blood
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What does the tissue fluid do?
It acts as a bridge in the diffusion of substances between capillaries and cells.
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How is tissue fluid formed?
When blood plasma is squeezed out of capillaries
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What diffuses in the tissue fluid from blood to cells?
Glucose and oxygen
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What diffuses in the tissue fluid from cells into blood?
Carbon dioxide and urea
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What does the lymphatic system do?
It collects any tissue fluid that isn't absorbed and carries it back into the blood by the lymph vessels
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What is the lymphatic system made of?
Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
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What do the lymph nodes do?
They filter the lymph. They contain lymphocytes that remove harmful microbes.
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What valves are found in the pulmonary artery and aorta?
Semilunar valves
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What valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
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What do the tendons do?
make sure that valves don't turn inside out
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What does the septum do?
It separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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What valve is found between the left atrium and ventricle?
Bicuspid valve
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Why is the wall of the left ventricle very thick and muscular?
Because blood has to be transported to the whole body
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What is the pacemaker?
The piece of tissue in the right atrium that sends electrical signals to control contractions and relaxation of the heart
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What circulation do fish have?
Single circulation
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What are the disadvantages of single circulation in fish?
Pressure is too low for good kidney function and there is a rapid fall in velocity and pressure as blood leaves the gills so that damages blood vessels
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What does double circulation mean?
Blood passes through the heart twice for a complete circuit
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Give 3 advantages of double circulation.
High blood pressure allows greater blood flow, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is separated, pressure is reduced when blood passes through lungs
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.... branch off the aorta and supply substances to the heart muscles
Coronary arteries
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Blood returns from the heart through the...
Coronary veins
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What are the 3 ways that heart activity can be checked?
Make and electrocardiogram (ECG), measure pulse beat, listen to heart sounds
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What do unclear heart sounds indicate?
That valves are leaking
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What happens when coronary arteries become blocked?
Lactic acid start to build up, muscles stop contracting and the person experience a heart attack
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Which 3 factors can cause coronary heart disease?
Poor diet (high in cholesterol), poor lifestyle (smoking and drugs) and genetic factors (being male, having family history)
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Why does aspirin help prevent coronary heart disease?
It prevents blood clotting
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How does a bypass surgery work?
A blood vessel is removed from another part of the body and is stitched between the aorta and the unblocked part of the artery
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How does angioplasty work?
A cable is passed into a narrowed artery and a stent is inserted. It forces the artery open.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Why do humans require a transport system?
Back
Humans have a low surface area to volume ratio so not all cells can receive needed substances
Card 3
Front
Where are blood cells formed?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is the blood system an example of in vertebrates?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the mass flow system made of?
Back
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