Biology

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What characteristics do all living organisms share?
They require nutrition, they respire, they excrete their waste, they respond to surroundings, they move, they control their internal conditions, they reproduce, they grow and develop. (MRS GRENC)
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What are the 6 types of organism?
Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, viruses and protoctists.
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What are the characteristics of an animal?
They are vertabrates or invertabrates. No cell walls (movement) No chloroplasts (food) Store energy as glycogen. Multicellular. Have nervous coordination.
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What are the characteristics of plants?
Multicellular. Cells contain chloroplasts. Carry out photosynthesis. Have cellulose cell walls. Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.
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What are the characteristics of fungi? (mould yeast, mushroom)
Most are unicellular. Body organised into mycelium made from structures called hyphae. Chitin cell walls. Store carbohydrate as glycogen.
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What are the characteristics of bacteria?
Microscopic single-celled organisms. Dont have a nucleus but have a chromosome of DNA. Most feed off living dead organisms.
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What are the characteristics of viruses?
Smaller than bacteria. Parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells. They infect every living organism.
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What are the characteristics of protoctists?
Microscopic single-celled organisms. Some resemble animal cells (protozoa) Some resemble plant cells (algae)
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Which of these organisms can be described as a pathogen?
Fungi, bacteria, viruses and protoctists.
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What are the 5 levels of organisation within organisms?
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs then systems.
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Whats the function of the nucleus?
It regulates cell activity and contains DNA information.
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Whats the function of the cytoplasm?
Jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
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Whats the function of the cell membrane?
This controls what enters and exits the cell.
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Whats the function of the cell wall?
This protects the body of the cell from foreign objects and keeps its rigidity.
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Whats the function of the chloroplast?
Produces the food and energy for the cell.
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Whats the function of the vacuole?
The vacuole it is filled with disolved sugars, mineral ions and solutes called cell sap. It acts as the energy store and helps the organism live.
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What is the structure of an animal cell like?
They dont have a cell wall. Irregular shape. doesnt have a permanent vacuole.
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What is the structure of a plant cell?
It has a cell wall. Rigid. Rectangular shape. Permanent vacuole.
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What are the chemical elements present in Carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
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What are the chemical elements present in proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen.
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What are the chemical elements present in lipids?
A glycerol and three fatty acids.
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What is the structure of a carbohydrate?
It is a polymer or starch (plants) or glycogen (animals) It has a monomer of glucose.
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What is the structure of a protein?
It is a polymer made up of monomers of amino acids.
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What is the structure of a lipid?
Contain one glycerol and three fatty acids.
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What is the food test for glucose?
Add Benedicts solution and somemystery solution then add an equal amount of Benedicts reagent. Heat for 5 minutes at 95 degrees.
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What colour will the liquid go if glucose is present?
Cloudy orange.
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What is the food test for starch?
Add iodine solution (brown) and mystery solution.
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What colour will the liquid go if starch is present?
Blue.
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What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?
They act as biological catalysts.
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What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?
Approximately 37 degrees.
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What temperature do enzymes denature?
55 degrees.
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What does denatured mean?
The active site has changed shape and can no longer react with a substrate.
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What happens in colder temperatures to enzymes?
They take a longer time to react.
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Which pH to enzymes work best at? (optimum pH)
pH 7
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What happens to the enzyme if the surrounding pH is either side of the optimum?
The structure of the enzyme is affected and the active site changes shape.
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Whats the definition of diffusion?
The movement of particles down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Whats the definition of osmosis?
The movement of particles through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
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Whats the definition of active transport?
The movement of particles against the concentration powered by energy from respiration.
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How are plant cells supported?
By turgid cells (rigid cell walls)
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How can size affect the movement of substances into and out of cells?
It is easy for substances to pass into single-celled organisms but larger organisms have had to develop systems to pass substances through. In single celled organisms substances can diffuse through walls.
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During photosynthesis, what is light energy converted in to?
Chemical energy.
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What is the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
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What affects the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity, temperature.
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What should a balanced diet involve?
Appropriate proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietry fibre.
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Give an example and describe the use of carbohydrates.
Bread. Energy and respiration.
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Give an example and describe the use of proteins.
Meat. Growth and repair.
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Give an example and describe the use of lipids.
Butter. Insulation and energy store.
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What does vitamin A do?
eyesight
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What does vitamin C do?
A variety of things.
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What does vitamin D do?
Bones, teeth, skin (protects from UV light.)
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What do minerals do?
Iron- red blood cells. Calcium- Bones.
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What factors might make energy requirements vary?
Activity levels, age and pregnancy.
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In the mouth what do the teeth and tongue and saliva do?
Teeth and tongue start mechanical digestion while saliva is added to moisten food and start chemical digestion.
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What does saliva contain?
Amylase which breaks starch to maltose.
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What happens in the oesophagus?
Bolus is passed down by peristalsis to stomach.
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What is the pH of the stomach?
pH 2- this kills bacteria.
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What does the stomach do mechanically and chemically?
Churns food and add pepsin (breaking proteins into peptides)
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What does the pancreas do in relation to the small intestine?
Adds more amylase (breaks carbs.) Trypsin (Breaks protease) and Lipases (breaks lipids)
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Where is bile created and stored?
Created in the kidney and stored in the gall bladder.
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What does bile do?
Emulsifies lipids to assist lipases. Also neutralises stomach acids.
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What else happens in the small intestine?
Final peptidases and carbohydrases break peptides into amino acids and maltose into glucose.
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What is assimilation?
To transform food into living tissue.
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What is egestion?
The expultion of undigested food.
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What is peristalsis? Why does it occur?
The circular muscles contract behind the food while longitudinal muscles also contract pushing food along so that it may be absorbed or excreted.
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What do the villi do?
Absorb food molecules into the blood capillaries for energy and also water. They also increase the surface area of the small intestine.
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What does respiration do?
Releases energy in living organisms.
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What is aerobic respiration?
The fuel needed or all life processes.
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What is the word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water. C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Is the conversion of glucose to lactic acid to make up for the lack of oxygen in muscles during intense exercise.
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose --> lactic acid.
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What happens to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm when breathing?
The intercostal muscles move up and out while the diaphragm moves down. This increase the volume and pressure in the thorax so oxygen is sucked in.
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How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
They have very thin walls to make diffusion easier. They are also less than 1/1000th of a mm from a blood capillary making a short diffusion pathway.
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What is the role of the phloem?
To transport the products of photosynthesis (sucrose and amino acids) away from the mesophyll cells to all other parts of a plant. The proteins help young leaves etc. to grow.
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How is water absorbed into a root hair cell?
There is a thin cell wall for a shorter diffusion pathway and this also increases the surface area.
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What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water from the surface of a plant.
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What makes up blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
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What does plasma do?
Transports CO2, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy around and to the necessary places in the body.
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How are red blood cells suitable for the transportation of oxygen around the body?
They dont have a nucleus to increase surface area. They are disk shape to increase surface area. Haemoglobin combines with O2 to create oxihaemoglobin in high concentrations of oxygen.
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What does a phagocyte do in response to a disease?
They ingest bacteria by changing their shape and producing the extension of their cytoplasm called pseudopia. These then surround the bacteria and encloses it in its vacuole.
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What does a lymphocyte do in response to a disease?
It produces a chemical called antibodies which are soluble protiens that destroy pathogens by sticking bacteria together (for phagocytes) By acting like a label on the pathogen or by making the pathogen burst open.
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What are memory cells and where are they stored?
In the lymph nodes. Once recovered from a disease your immune system stores memory cells that make you resist the same microbal infection in the future..
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How do vaccinations work?
A fluid that contains a dead microbe or antigens from it. Once injected cause memory cells to be made and stored.
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How do platelets cause clotting?
The reaction that cause fibrinogen (soluble) to turn into fibrin (insoluble) by the release of thrombin by platelets turns liquid blood into a solid.
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What happens to the heart rate during exercise and in the prescence of adrenaline?
The heart rate increases in order to supply muscles with more oxygen so that they can unction to their best ability.
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What are three organs of excretion?
Lungs, Kidney and skin.
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What are the two roles of the kidney?
It carries out excretion and osmoregulation.
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What is the role of the nephron?
It filters the blood and in doing so regulates the concentration of water and soluble substances.
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How do nephrons eliminate waste from the body?
They form urine because high pressure in the glomerulus pushes water in the Bowmans capsule where filtering then takes place and waste products are excreted.
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What does the proximal tubule do?
Reabsorbs water and glucose to maintain electolyte levels.
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What does the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle do?
Concentrates salts thatll be exctreted into the urine.
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What do these concentrated salts do?
Create a concentration gradient in the urine in the medulla.
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What occurs at the Bowmans capsule?
Ultrafiltration.
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What happens to the blood before and after ultrafiltration?
The blood in the renal artery is under high pressure but after ultrafiltration through a partially permeable membrane the volume decreases. Thin walls are needed after the Bowmans capsule to maintain the pressure.
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What does ADH do in regulating the water content of blood?
It is in the pituitary gland and manages the amount of water in the body by acting in the kidneys.
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What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
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Which two things are examples of homeostasis?
Body water content and body temperature.
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What three things does a coordinated response require?
A stimulus, a receptor and an effector.
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What physiological changes occur when you become hot?
Sweating cools you down when the sweat evaporates from the skin. Hair erector muscles cause the hair to lie flat so that air cant be trapped and act as an insulator. The arterioles dilate to increase blood flow to the skins surface (vasodilation)
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What physiological changes occur when you become cold?
Hair erector muscles contract to trap air which acts as an insulator. Arterioles constrict so less heat is lost at the skins surface (vasoconstriction) The bodies metabolism speeds up generating more heat.
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Give two differences between a wind pollinated plant and an insect pollinated plant?
In a wind pollinated plant the stigma would hang low and be longer so pollen can be blown. INsect pollinated plants may have tiny hooks on them or may be more colourful.
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What does the growth of the pollen tube an fertilisation lead to?
The formation of a seed and fruit.
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What are the conditions needed for seed germination?
Seeds need a combination of oxygen, moisture, temperature, & light. As the seed takes up water, it activates enzymes. The seed absorbs the water & expands.Oxygen increases respiration, and correct temperature is needed to activate growth enzymes.
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What is the role of the placenta?
Moves oxygen into the babies blood stream and carries carbon dioxide away. Its also provides the fetus with nutrients and removes waste products created by the baby.
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What is the developing embryo protected by?
Amniotic fluid.
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Define population.
All organisms of a particular species in an ecosystem.
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Define community.
Population of all species in an ecosystem.
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Define habitat.
A place where specific organisms live.
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Define ecosystem.
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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Name the first four trophic levels in a food chain.
primary, secondary, tertiary then quaternary.
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Why can only 10% is transferred between 2 trophic levels?
Because of respiration, excretion and living.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 6 types of organism?

Back

Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, viruses and protoctists.

Card 3

Front

What are the characteristics of an animal?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the characteristics of plants?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the characteristics of fungi? (mould yeast, mushroom)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

T.A

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this is really good! btw definition for osmosis is the net movement of water molecules accross a partially permeable membrane from a region of high WATER concentration to a region of lower WATER concentration. :)

T.A

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sorry but just found another mistake........ bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and used in the small intestine. 

T.A

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sorry but just found another mistake........ bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and used in the small intestine. 

T.A

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sorry but just found another mistake........ bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and used in the small intestine. 

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