Biological Processes (specimens)

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What is an independent and dependent variable?
Independent = the variable that is deliberately changed (in a controlled fashion). Dependent = the measured variable
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When doing scientific drawings you must....
Use a pencil with clear continuous lines, labels must be with a ruler and straight (horizontal), the drawing must take up at least 50% of the space provided
2 of 18
Where is aldosterone produced and what does it do?
It is produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland and regulates Na+. K+ and water reabsorption (balance) and blood pressure
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State and explain 3 adaptations of hydrophytes which allow them to survive in water
Arenchyma (specialised parenchyma) that have large air spaces so the plant remains afloat to access light for photosynthesis. Many, always open stomata on the upper surfaces maximises gas exchange. Reduced roots- not required to access H2O
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Discuss the benefits of using stains when making slides for light microscopy
Staining increases contrast between organelles and cytoplasm = clearer image. Allows you to identify specific components as they bind to the stain
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In a transverse section of the stem, where are the xylem and phloem located?
Xylem = on the inside. Phloem = on the outside, closer to the cell surface membrane
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2 variables that should be controlled when carrying out a spirometer investigation
Health, weight, fitness of subjects
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Outline the structures in the mammalian gaseous exchange system and how each increases efficiency of gas exchange
Nasal passage: good blood supply to warm air, hairy and goblet cells/ciliated epithelium, moist surfaces. Trachea: C-shaped cartilage rings, ciliated epithelium. Alveoli: good blood supply, many = large SA, surfactant, thin epithelium, elastic fibres
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Explain why cheese has a high energy content
Cheese contains a lot of fat which has many hydrogen atoms from C-H bonds so can be oxidised many times in the Kreb's cycle to produce many reduced NAD
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Properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows chemiosmosis to occur
Large SA, impermeable to H+, ATP synthase
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2 quantitative changes in the intermembrane space as a result of oxidative phosphorylation
pH lowers, more positively charged
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Explain how having a large number of proton pores in the inner mitochondrial membrane would result in a person being less likely to gain weight.
More H+ pores = more H+ leaking back into the matrix which reduces ATP yeild from chemiosmotic gradients, less ATP from oxidative phosphorylation, more energy wasted as heat, less energy intake from diet, less fat depostion, fat stores respired f
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Parts of the nephron affected by ADH directly
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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Explain why salted crisps and boiled sweets = low urine production and chocoalte, bread and milk = high urine production
Crisps and boiled sweets reduce the water potential of the blood which is detected by osmoreceptors which cause ADH to be secreted and insert aquaporins into the collecting duct/DCT so more water reabsorbed. Bread, milk and choc increase the WP = ORA
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Improvements to any experiment to increase validity of results
At least three replicates and mean calculated to reduce effect of anomalies, add a control, keep things the same size to reduce effect of SA, more intermediates in concentrations,
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One problem of measuring the anaerobic respiration rate with a respirometer of yeast and maggots
Maggots do not produce CO2 in lactate fermentation, yeast do produce CO2 in alcoholic fermentation so the respiratory quotient is reduced for maggots and not valid
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Suggest why maggots do not need such well developed exchange surfaces as flies
Maggots have a larger SA:V due to being smaller so have a short diffusion distance. They have no hard exoskeleton so can rely on diffusion. They're less metabolically active so don't require as much O2 as flies (do not fly)
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Explain why peritoneal dialysis can use active transport and diffusion where as haemodialysis relies on diffusion alone
The peritoneal wall used in the abdomen is made of living cells so respires to produce ATP for active transport where as the dialysis membrane only allows diffusion as it's non-living
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When doing scientific drawings you must....

Back

Use a pencil with clear continuous lines, labels must be with a ruler and straight (horizontal), the drawing must take up at least 50% of the space provided

Card 3

Front

Where is aldosterone produced and what does it do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

State and explain 3 adaptations of hydrophytes which allow them to survive in water

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Discuss the benefits of using stains when making slides for light microscopy

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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