Bio Unit 2

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  • Created by: Lottie_C
  • Created on: 02-04-16 14:16
Cell membrane
controls passage of substance into/out of cell
1 of 89
Ribosomes
protein synthesis takes place here
2 of 89
Cellulose cell wall
strengthens cell and gives it support
3 of 89
chloroplasts
absorb light energy to make food
4 of 89
cytoplasm
chemical reactions take place here
5 of 89
mitochondria
energy released during respiration from here
6 of 89
vacuole
filled with cell sap, keeps cells rigid
7 of 89
nucleus
controls activities in cells
8 of 89
glandular tissue
secretory cells who produce substances
9 of 89
Xylem and Phloem
transport tissues
10 of 89
Muscular tissue
contracts to bring about movement
11 of 89
epithelial tissue
covers and protects surfaces
12 of 89
mesophyll
chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis inside
13 of 89
specialised cell
carry out particular function
14 of 89
organ
made up of tissues, work together
15 of 89
tissue
group of cells with similar structure and work together
16 of 89
organ system
group of organs
17 of 89
organs in animals
stomach, pancreas, mouth etc
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bacterial cell
cytoplasm, membrane, cell wall, genes not in nucleus
19 of 89
yeast cell
nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, membrane
20 of 89
dissolved substances
can move into and out of cells by diffusion
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oxygen
required for respiration, passes through the cell membranes by diffusion
22 of 89
diffusion
spreading of particles of a gas or any substance in solution resulting in net movement
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cells (dissolved substances)
dissolved substances have to pass through cell membranes to get in/out of cells via diffusion
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examples of dissolved substances
gut moves digested food products from gut cavity to blood capillary
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increasing diffusion
increase temperature, surface area, concentration gradient
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osmosis
movement of water from less concentrated to more concentrated solution
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net movement
particles moves from region where they are of a higher concentration to a region with lower concentration. Greater the difference in concentration, faster the rate of diffusion
28 of 89
Photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water with sunlight and chlorophyll makes glucose and oxygen
29 of 89
Leaves
cuticle, epidermis, pallisade, spongy layer, stomata, guard cell, vein
30 of 89
Hydroponics
growing plants in water so they have the perfect balance of minerals
31 of 89
seeds
when animals excrete them they're spread apart so no competition and they can grow in manure (a fertiliser)
32 of 89
how does photosynthesis work?
light energy absorbed, converted to carbon dioxide and water to glucose, oxygen released as a by-product
33 of 89
greenhouses
can control temperature which speeds up plant growth
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limiting factors of photosynthesis
shortage of light, low temperature, shortage of carbon dioxide
35 of 89
controlling environments
turnover faster, profits high, crops unspoilt, no preparing the land
36 of 89
uses of glucose
starch for storage, fats, nitrates to growing organisms, protein in leaves, sucrose/fructose, make new cell walls, tissue respiration
37 of 89
producing proteins
plants use nitrate ions absorbed from soil
38 of 89
enzymes
biological catalysts, proteins that allow smaller molecules to fit in them, substrate molecules fit into active site
39 of 89
amylase
turns starch to sugars, found in salivary gland, pancreas, small intestine
40 of 89
lipase
turns lipids to fatty acids and glycerol, found in pancreas, small intestine
41 of 89
protease
turns proteins to amino acids, found in stomach, small intestine, pancreas
42 of 89
catalyst
substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed/used up
43 of 89
PH
if PH changes enzymes can change shape
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enzymes in stomach
hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, works best in acidic conditions (low PH)
45 of 89
enzymes in home
protease pre-digests proteins in baby food, lipase in biological detergent, carbohydrase converts starch to glucose, isomerase in slimming foods
46 of 89
temperature
if temperature increases, rate of reaction increases but if too high temperature enzyme denatures, in humans said to work best at 37 degrees
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digestion
breaking down foods which can be absorbed into blood
48 of 89
enzymes in industry
ensure processes can be carried out at normal temperatures, reduces amount of energy and equipment so cost decreases
49 of 89
physical factors that may affect organisms
temperature, availability of nutrients, amount of light, availability of water, availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide
50 of 89
data on the distribution of organisms can be obtained by
random sampling with quadrats, sampling along a transect
51 of 89
exercise
heart rate increases, rate and depth of breathing increases, increases blood and oxygen flow to muscles and rate of removal of carbon dioxide, glycogen in muscles converted back to glucose
52 of 89
lactic acid
formed from incomplete breakdown of glucose (anaerobic)
53 of 89
chemical reactions
controlled by enzymes (in cells)
54 of 89
plants and animals
aerobic respiration continuosly
55 of 89
anaerobic respiration
incomplete breakdown of glucose so less energy released than aerobic, if insufficient oxygen reaching muscles, anaerobic respiration used to obtain energy
56 of 89
mitochondria
most aerobic respiration takes place here
57 of 89
respiration
process by which all living cells release energy from food
58 of 89
fatigue
long period of exercise (lactic acid) muscles contract inefficiently
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oxygen debt
result of anaerobic respiration, has to be repaid to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water
60 of 89
energy released during respiration
build larger molecules, enable muscles to contract, maintain body temperature, build up sugars, nitrates, proteins
61 of 89
DNA
carries genetic code that determines characteristics
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Gene
short section of DNA that codes for a protein
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Mitosis
cell division that leads to growth/repair, 2 new cells formed that are identical to each other and original
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Alleles
different forms of the same genes, dominant or recessive
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recessive allele
only shows if 2 copies
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dominant allele
always shows, even if only one copy
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Gender
males have XY, females have **
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Gametes
contain one set of genetic information (normal body cells contain 2)
69 of 89
Mendel
looked at pea plants, saw that 3/4 red from dominant alleles
70 of 89
Meiosis
Gametes formed by meiosis, cells formed have 1/2 as many chromosomes as original, chromosomes are copied and the cell divides twice
71 of 89
Chromosome
long DNA molecules, in nucleus
72 of 89
Cystic Fibrosis
inherited, recessive allele, must be inherited from both parents
73 of 89
Stages of mitosis
parent cell, chromosomes in nucleus duplicate, cell splits forming 2 new cells with one of each chromosome
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fertilisation
new cells formed by fusion of gametes, divides lots by mitosis
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stages of meiosis
chromosomes in parents duplicate, similar chromosomes join, part of DNA swapped, pairs of chromosomes divide, cells divide twice
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polydactly
dominant allele, passed on by 1 parent
77 of 89
Fossil
preserved remains or trace of dead organism
78 of 89
oldest rocks
simplest organisms
79 of 89
decaying process
slowed down by insufficient oxygen, low temperatures, high soil acidity, if not present fossilisation won't take place
80 of 89
casts/impressions
covered by layers of sediments to preserve
81 of 89
newest rocks
more complex organisms
82 of 89
early life
soft-bodied so few traces, traces may have been destroyed due to geographical activity
83 of 89
species arising
isolation, genetic variation, natural selection, speciation
84 of 89
how are fossils formed?
hard part of organisms (bones not skin or flesh) that don't decay easily, partially decayed organisms, preserved traces of organisms, part of organism replaced by other materials as they decay
85 of 89
hard part of organisms
covered in layers of sediments, overtime gradually replaced by minerals
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extinction
change to environment, predators, disease, competitors, catastrophic events, cycle of speciation
87 of 89
what we can learn from fossils?
how much/little organisms have changed as developed on Earth
88 of 89
preservation
dead plants and animals can be preserved in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, ice
89 of 89

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Ribosomes

Back

protein synthesis takes place here

Card 3

Front

Cellulose cell wall

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

chloroplasts

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

cytoplasm

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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