What are artificial classifcation systems based on?
Appearance.
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What are natural classifaction systems based on?
Evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities.
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What is a 'species'?
A group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
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What is asexual reproduction?
Where an organism reproduces by making a copy of itself. There is no interbreeding with another organism.
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What is a hybrid?
When you interbreed a male from one species, with a female from another species you make a hybrid. Hybrids are usually infertile.
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What is the binomial system?
Where each species is given a two-part Latin name. The first part refers to the genus, and the second part refers to the species.
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What is interspecific competition?
Where organisms compete for resources against individuals of another species.
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What is intraspecific competition?
Where organisms compete for resources against individuals of the same species.
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What is a parasite?
A parasite lives off a host. They take what they need, without giving anything back. This often harms the host.
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Name an example of a parasite.
Tapeworms (absorb lots of nutrients from the host) causing the host to suffer malnutrition OR Fleas.
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What is a mutualistic relationship OR mutualism?
A relationship where both organisms benefit.
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What are specialists?
They are organisms which are highly-adapted to survive in a specific habitat.
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Name an example of a specialist.
Giant pandas, (they are adapted to eat bamboo).
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What are generalists?
They are organisms that are adapted to survive in a range of different habitats.
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Name an example of a generalist.
Black rats, (they are able to survive in forests, cities, and farmland.
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What are anatomical adaptations?
Features of an organism's anatomy that help it to survive.
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What anatomical adaptations can reduce heat loss?
A thick coat or layer of blubber to insulate the body. Having large size and compact body shape, (a small surface area to volume ratio). Having counter-current heat exchange systems.
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How do counter-current heat exchanges work in penguins?
Blood vessels going to and from the feet carry blood that flows in opposite directions. The vessels pass close to each other, allowing heat to transfer between them. Warm blood flowing in arteries heats cold blood returning to the heart in veins.
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What are behavioural adaptations to the cold?
Migrating to warmer climates during the winter months. Hibernating during winter months (saves energy). Huddling like penguins.
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How are animals adapted to living in hot environments?
Increasing heat loss and reducing heat gain.
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What are behavioural adaptations to increase heat loss, and reduce heat gain?
Staying underground or in the shade (minimise heat gain). By being active at night. Bathing in water (water evaporates transferring heat to surroundings).
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What are anatomical adaptations to increase heat loss?
Animals are often small, (large surface area to volume ratio). Having large ears (increasing surface area). Thin ears (allow more blood flow near the surface of the skin). Some animals store fat in one part of their body (camels, in their hump).
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How are desert plants adapted to live in dry environments?
Rounded shape (small surface area to volume ratio) to minimise water loss. A thick waxy later (cuticle) and spines to reduce water loss. Store water in their stems. Shallow but extensive roots (water is absorbed quickly over a large area).
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How are desert animals adapted to live in dry environments?
Specialised kidneys (produce concentrated urine with a low water content). No sweat glands (preventing loss of water). Spend time underground (air contains more moisture than on surface).
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What is sustainable development?
Providing the needs of the increasing population without harming the environment.
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What are artificial classifcation systems based on?
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