attachment

what is reciprocity

mother-child interaction in which they respond to each others signals and each elicits a response from the other including facial expressions and verbal signs

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when does reciprocity become most frequent

3 months of age

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what is interactional synchrony-

the mother and infant reflect both the actions/emotions of the other one in a co-ordinated way

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outline research into interactional synchrony-

isabella et al 1989 observed 30 m/i and observed the degree of synchrony between them and assessed the quality of the m/i attatchment, they found a high psoitive correlation between the two meltzoff and moore 1977 observed the beginning of attachment

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evaluate research into interactional synchrony-

s controlled filmed observations capture fine details- due to the high control and filming form multiple angels and being analysed also abby is unaware of filming so is unlikely to dc this is a strength because it increases the validity of the resear

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outline research into father's being primary caregivers

tiffany field 1978 filmed 4month babies face to face interaction with p/c mothers, p/c fathers and s/c fathers. the p/c fathers behaved similiarly to the p/c mothers . this suggests that that attatchment is benefited by responsiveness of the parent

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outline research into father's being secondary caregivers

schaffer and emerson 1964 studied a series of infants and found that 75% of them had formed an attatchment with their fathr by 18months- shown by protest when they left/ a sign grossman 2002 carried out a longitudunal study in which he examined both

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evaluate research into the role of the father

inconsistent findings on fathers- different researchers have different objectives- some focus on p/c fathers ( and find that they take on a 'maternal role') whereas others focus on the father as a secondary attatchment figure ( and find that they ac

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what is the definition of stages of attachment

a series of qualatitive behaviours linked to specific ages

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outline the key study done by schaffer and emerson 1964 into attachment

aimed to investigate the formation of early attachment, especially the age that it developed, their emotional intensity and who it was aimed at method- 31 male 29 female babies ( total 60) w/c glasgow babies and mothers visited at home every month f

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evaluate schaffer and emersons study into attachment

s good external validity- in own homes/ majority of observation done by the mtoher ( except s anxiety) and further during daiy activities and then reported to the researchers later on this means that the babies were not affected by the observers pre

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what are the four stages of attachment

asocial, indiscriminate, specific and multiple

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outline asocial attachment

first few weeks baby recognises and forms bond with carers/ reacts similiarly to objects and humans/ show some preferance to fmailier adults by being quicker to be calmed by them

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outline indiscriminate attachment

first few weeks baby recognises and forms bond with carers/ reacts similiarly to objects and humans/ show some preferance to fmailier adults by being quicker to be calmed by them

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outline specific attachment

from around 7 months start to display signs of s/s anxiety / 65% of cases anxiety from being seperated with mother / a specific adult becomes the p/c not dpeendant on amount of time but rather amount of recipriocity from them

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outline multiple attachment

develops after a p/c is established with people they rpend regular time with / by the age of one year majority of 60 abbies had developed this

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evaluate the 4 stages of attachment

ssues studying asocial age- babies are young and lack coordination/mobility therefore it is incredibly difficult to make judgements on them based on observations / unreliable evidence conflicitn evidence on multiple attachments- disagreements over th

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what is critical period ( lorenz research)

the in which imprinting needs to take place- time depends on species- if it does not occur within that time period than attachment wont happen

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what is imprinting

species attach to and follow the first moving object that theysee upon birth

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outline lorenz research in attachment

procedure- randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs 1/2 of them hatched with the mother goose in their natural eviroment the other 1/2 hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was lorenz - critical peridmovr and chicks did not at

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evaluate lorenz research

generalisability to humans- different mammalian attachment system comapred to birds e.g. more emotion contradictory research- such as the idea that imprinting is permanent effect on behaviour e.g. guiton et al 1966 found that chickens imprented on y

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outline harlows research on rhesus monkeys 1958

tested the idea that soft objects some sort of functions as the mother p- reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys with 2 wire model 'mothers' condition 1- milk dispensed by the plain wire mother condition 2- millk dispensed by a soft cloth covered mother f

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evaluate harlows research on rhesus monkeys 1958

s theoretical value- helps psychologist better understand attachment shows it isdependant on 'comfort contact' as opposed to it being fed / also shows the importane of it for later life such as being able tod evelop halthy adult relationships practic

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outline the learning theory of attachment

classical conditioning ucs- food ucr- pleasure from food ns- caregiver repetition of same person providing food means that the baby learns to associate them with food ns becomes cs cr- caregiver

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evaluate the learning theory of attachment

counter- evidence from animal research lorenz figured imprinted before they were fed and maintaednatatchment regardless of who fed them harlows monkeys attached to soft mother rtaher than the wire one that gave milk shows that attachment does not dv

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what is monotropy

one attachment is different from all others and is of central importnce to a childs developed

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what are internal working models

mental representations that we carry with us of our attachment to our p/c which is critical for the dveelopment of future relationships because it determines our perception of what relationships are like

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what are the two lawa of monotropy

the law of continuity- more consistant/predictable caregiver is = better quality of attachment the law of accumulated seperation- the efects of every seperation from the mother add up

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what are socia releases

innate behaviours from babies which are designed to activate the adult attachment system e.g. smiling and cooing triggers response in cargeivers reciprical as both mother and baby have an innate predisposition to become atached

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what age is the sensitive period

2 years

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evaluate bowlbys theory

support for social releases evdience to support the view that cute baby behaviours are purposlly intended to initiate social interaction and that doing so is important to the baby brazleton et a 1975 observed mother/baby interactions reporting the e

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what is the strange situation

d- a controlled observation designed to test attachment security. infants are assessed on their response to playing in an unfamiliar room, being alone, left with a strange and being reunited with their caregiver

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what was the aim of mary ainsworth experiment in 1969

aimed to be able to observe key atachment behaviours as a means of assessng the quality of a childs attachment to a caregiver

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outline the procedure for the strange situation

p- controlled observation - lab control conditions two-way mirror for the psych to observe through the behaviours used to judge attacment - proximity seeking ( good a = stays close to c/g) - exploration and secure base behaviour good a = confidence

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outline the method for the strange situation

7 x 3 minute long episodes 1. child is encouraged to exmplore- exploration and secure base 2 stranger enters and tries to interact s/a 3 c/g leaves the child and stranger togethe- s/a s/a 4 cargiver returns and stranger leaves- reunion 5 caregiver l

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outline the findings for the strange situation

secure attachment type b 60-75% classified today children explore happily but regularly go back to the p.c ( give name) show moderate s/a and s/a also accepts comfort from the stranger insecure avoidant attachment type a 20-25% explore freely but do

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evaluate the strange situation

reliable inter-rater reliaby as different observers who generally agreed about the classifyin also lab setting an behavioural categories validity strongly predicitve for later dvelopment ward et al asociated i/r attachment as leading to emnla healt

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what is the definition of cultural variations

the differences in nvbs that exist between different groups of people

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what experiment was done by van ijzendoorn and peter kroonenberg 1988

meta-analysis study to look at the proportions of secure i/a and i/r attachments across 8 countries also looked at differences within the same countries to see variations within a c\

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what was the procedure done by van ijzendoorn and peter kroonenberg 1988

located 32 studies of attachment where the ** had been used to investigate the proportions of infants with different a types 32 studies conducted in 8 countries- tielded results for 1,990 children data was meta-analysed

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what were the findings of van ijzendoorn and peter kroonenberg 1988

there was a wide variation between the proportions of attahcment types in different studies secure a most common in all countries however proprtion avried- e.g. 75% uk to 50% in china insecure resiisatnt least common- 3% uk 30% israel insecure avoid

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outline the italian study conducted by simonella et al 2014 into cultural variations of attachment using the strange situation method

conucted a study and compared it to previous studied to see if the proportions had changed 76 one year olds did ** 50% secure 36% insecure avoidant lower amount of secure than most studoes due to le** matenrity leave - suggests cultural changes aff

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what is the conclusion of attachment

secure attachment is the norm supports bowlbly theory that attachment is innate and universal however cultural practices influence a type

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evaluate attachment/ **

secure attachment is the norm supports bowlbly theory that attachment is innate and universal however cultural practices influence a type

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what is maternal deprivation

emtoional and intellectual consequences of a child/ mother prolonged speration bowlbly argued that consistent care / nurture from mother is essential for healthy psychological development

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what is the critical period

first 30 months of a babys life critical for its psychological development damage inevitable if

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what is the effects of maternal deprivation on development

intellectually- lowers iq, goldfarb 1947 demonstarted that children from foster homes had ahigher uk than those in instituions due to higher standards of emotiona care emotioanlly- bowlby proposed affectionless psychopaths who lack guilt and empathy

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outline the 44 thieves study by bowlby ( affectionless psycopaths)

examined link between m/d and a/s sample of 44 criminal teens accused of stealing all interviewed for signs of guilt family interviews also interviewed to see if their was prolonged early speeraions control group of no-criminal but emotionally dis

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evaluate the 44 thieves study

s supported by animal studies levy et l 2003 found that seperating baby rats from their mothers for as little as a dya had permanent effects on their social development w poor evidence- goldfarb used sample after ww2 in rphanages- trauma bowlbly

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evaluate maternal deprivation theory by bowlby

s supported by animal studies levy et l 2003 found that seperating baby rats from their mothers for as little as a dya had permanent effects on their social development w poor evidence- goldfarb used sample after ww2 in rphanages- trauma bowlbly

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outline the effects of internal working models on later childhood relationships

securely attached infants form the best quality future relationships whereas isnecurely do the opposite- kerns 1994 bullying behaviour cna be predictd by a type rowan myron-wlson and peter smit used standardsied quetsionaires on 196 children aged 7-1

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outline the effects of internal working models on romantic relationships

gerard mccarthy 1999 40 adult women who had been a**e**ed by the ** as a child to determine their a type secure- best relationships insecure resistant- problems maintaing friednsips insecure rei**tant- dificulty with romantic intimacy

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outline the effects of the internal working model on future parental relationships

affected ability to parent their own child - based aprentig style on intenrla working model bailey et al studied 99 women and their babies and mothers- link back

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evaluate theory of attachment

validity problems most studies dont use ** but use interview questionaires innacurate recall risk internal working modls are unconscious cannot be measured/ prooved self-report replies on ppts conscious udnerstanding of those relationship - limits

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outline the procedure for conducting an observational study

choose sample of ppts define behavioural categores pilot study do ethical issues anayse data

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