AQA Geography - Population change

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The demographic transition model stage one characteristics
both the birth rate and death rates are high and fluctuating. this means that population size will change only slightly, with periodic fluctuations up and down.
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Reasons for high births rates
little birth control or family planning, children are needed to work and support elderly parents and replacement rate (parents have lots of children to compensate for high infant mortality).
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Reasons for high deaths rates
due to disease and plague (such as bubonic plague in the British Isles in 1348), inadequate and uncertain food supplies resulting in famine, poor hygiene and sanitation.
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The demographic transition model stage two characteristics
the Birth rates stay high throughout because of improvements in society affected death rate first.
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stage 2 population and example
Countries at this stage have rapidly growing populations, which China had before its drastic one child policy.
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Reasons for falling death rates
Improvements in food production, quality and reliability also contribute to falling death rates. Improved sanitation and transport of food stuffs, and a decrease in child mortality also contribute to these falling death rates.
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The demographic transition model stage three characteristics
In stage 3 birth rates finally begin to fall and become almost on a par with death rates.
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Reasons for falling birth rates
Family planning programs. increased material desires mean people want less children so that they can have more consumer goods, and the emancipation of women were women are free to follow careers and put off having a family can have an impact
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The demographic transition model stage four characteristics
both death rates and birth rates remain low and fluctuate, giving a steady population. This is typical of many countries that are well developed and is known as the Low fluctuating stage.
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The demographic transition model stage five characteristics
Some countries are now actually experiencing population decline, as birth rates and fertility rates fall below the replacement rate. This, coupled with increases in life expectancy has resulted in ageing populations for many countries.
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Strengths of the DTM
It is a great model for anyone living in the UK as it is based upon the UK. Other developed countries such as Japan and France have followed almost exactly the same demographic pattern. It is simple to understand, dynamic and changes over time
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weaknesses of the DTM
Many countries simply have not moved from stage one, despite other changes occurring in their countries. The model is based upon Western “industrial” economies. The importation of technology (e.g. vaccinations) means that death rates can fall much
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Zimbabwe
Some countries actually GO BACK stages on the model in real life! In the Zimbabwe case study huge strides had been made but under Robert Mugabe over the past 2 decades Zimbabwe has slipped back due to famine, internal strife and HIV and AIDS.
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Population pyramids
A population pyramid is a graph that allows us to see the gender and age structure of a population. There are different shapes to the pyramids which tell us different things about the population of the country.
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what does knowing the percentage of people in these sectors can allow us to calculate
a Dependency Ratio. This is the ratio between those of working age and those of non-working age.
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DEPENDENTS
The no-working age are known as DEPENDENTS because they depend upon the working age people to provide for their needs.
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The ratio for an HIC
usually lies between 0.5 and 0.75.
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The ratio for an LIC
is typically higher. Mexico, with a youthful population structure, has a dependency ratio of 1.04.
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Problems with comparing dependency ratio data
Differing retirement ages Age at which children work (LICs children often work under the age of 15) Productivity of 65+ (LICs often don’t have pensions so elderly continue to work)
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Demographic dividend
The benefit a country gets when its working population is much larger than its dependent population (children and retired).
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how to increase Demographic dividend
Invest in child survival and health programs. Commit to voluntary family planning to achieve the demographic transition. Invest in the reproductive health needs of both married and unmarried youth. Prioritize education—especially secondary educa
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2 main ways to increase Demographic dividend
Enforcement and Persuasion
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immigration
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
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net migration
The difference between the numbers of in-migrants and out-migrants in an area.
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migration
A permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people.
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Net migration
The movement of people across national frontiers, for a minimum of 1 year.
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Emigration
Act of leaving the home country or place of residence to live elsewhere.
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Forced migration
The migrant has to migrate because of circumstances.
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Voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to migrate.
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ASYLUM SEEKER
A person who has left their country of origin and formally applied for asylum in another country but whose application has not yet been processed.
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REFUGEE
A person who has fled armed conflict or persecution and who is recognised as needing international protection because it is too dangerous for them to return home.
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ECONOMIC MIGRANT
A person who travels from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of living
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Reasons for high births rates

Back

little birth control or family planning, children are needed to work and support elderly parents and replacement rate (parents have lots of children to compensate for high infant mortality).

Card 3

Front

Reasons for high deaths rates

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

The demographic transition model stage two characteristics

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

stage 2 population and example

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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