Approaches revision
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- Created on: 07-02-23 11:34
Origins of psychology
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Wundt
All aspects of human nature can be studied scientifically.
Used introspection- a form of structuralism
All aspects of human nature can be studied scientifically.
Used introspection- a form of structuralism
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Origins of psychology
Introspection/Structuralism
Introspection/Structuralism
Introspection-When a person analyses their own thoughts and feelings and look into their conscious thoughts
Structuralism- when conscious experiences have been broken down
Structuralism- when conscious experiences have been broken down
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Origins of psychology
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STRENGTH- REAL LIFE APPLICATION
Introspective methods have been used as a way of measuring happiness. Particpants have to write down what they think about when they hear a bee[.
Introspective methods have been used as a way of measuring happiness. Particpants have to write down what they think about when they hear a bee[.
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Origins of psychology
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RELIES ON NON-OBSERVABLE METHODS-
This is because people have to anylase their own thoughts and feelings
This is because people have to anylase their own thoughts and feelings
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Behaviorist approach
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It wants to study behavior that can be observed and measured. All behavior is learnt through conditioning and association.
Our minds are born a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Abnormal behaviours are learnt through classical conditioning
Our minds are born a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Abnormal behaviours are learnt through classical conditioning
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Behaviorist approach
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Stimulus generalisation- when a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimulus which are associated with the conditioned response.
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Behaviorist approach
Palov's dogs
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Palov's dogs
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Unconditioned stimulus-food
Conditioned response-salvation to bell
Conditioned stimulus-bell
Unconditioned response-salvation
Neutral stimulus-bell
Conditioned response-salvation to bell
Conditioned stimulus-bell
Unconditioned response-salvation
Neutral stimulus-bell
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Behaviorist approach
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Extinction-Palov discovered that unlike the UCR, the CR does not become permanently established as a response as after a few presentations of the the CS without the UCS it loses the ability to produce the CR.
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Skinner's rats
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Skinner(1953) suggested that learning is an active process where humans learn from their environment .A certain behaviour then becomes associated with a reward or punishment.
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Positive vs negative reinforcement
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Positive reinforcement -
behaviour that produces a satisfying consequence
Negative reinforcement-
when someone avoids an unpleasant consequence by it being removed
behaviour that produces a satisfying consequence
Negative reinforcement-
when someone avoids an unpleasant consequence by it being removed
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Punishment vs reinforcement
Reinforcement-something in our environment strengths or reinforces a behaviour to make it more likely to occur
Punishment- a circumstance where a unpleasant consequence is received by an organism.
Punishment- a circumstance where a unpleasant consequence is received by an organism.
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Behaviorist approach
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STRENGTH- REAL LIFE APPLICATION
This had lead to the developments of therapies to help treat phobias such as systematic desensitization and flooding
This had lead to the developments of therapies to help treat phobias such as systematic desensitization and flooding
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Behaviorist approach
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WEAKNESS-METHOLODY
The use of the experimental method and controlled conditions means that you can establish cause and effect an it has high reliability
The use of the experimental method and controlled conditions means that you can establish cause and effect an it has high reliability
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Behaviorist approach
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WEAKNESS-MECHNANISTIC VIEW OF BEHAVIOUR
Humans are seen as passive and machine like respondents to the environment with little or no conscious insight into behaviour .
SLT and Cognitive approach
Humans are seen as passive and machine like respondents to the environment with little or no conscious insight into behaviour .
SLT and Cognitive approach
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Behaviorist approach
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WEAKNESS-IGNORES OTHER FACTORS
This approach offers a very limited view on what causes abnormal behaviour and ignores biological factors. It only focuses on the nurture side and ignores nature.
This approach offers a very limited view on what causes abnormal behaviour and ignores biological factors. It only focuses on the nurture side and ignores nature.
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Behaviorist approach
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LOW GENERALISABILITY-
Due to the use of rats we cannot generalize this behaviour to human beings as people have free will and animals don't.
Skinner argues that free will is an illusion and all of our behaviour is determined by external influences.
Due to the use of rats we cannot generalize this behaviour to human beings as people have free will and animals don't.
Skinner argues that free will is an illusion and all of our behaviour is determined by external influences.
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Psychodynamic approach
Assumptions
Assumptions
• Our personality is shaped by the unconscious mind and our early childhood.
• Our behaviour is determined by psychological factors
• Our behavior is mainly controlled by our unconscious mind
• Our behaviour is determined by psychological factors
• Our behavior is mainly controlled by our unconscious mind
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Theory
• Iceberg metaphor-tip of the iceberg is the conscious mind as it visible but the larger part is the unconscious mind which is hidden under water.
• Most of our everyday actions are controlled by our conscious mind
• Most of our everyday actions are controlled by our conscious mind
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Theory
• The mind is divided into the id, superego and the ego.
o Id-solely operates in unconscious mind, forms from 18 months. It operates by following the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification (devil)
o Ego- develops between 18 months and 3 ye
o Id-solely operates in unconscious mind, forms from 18 months. It operates by following the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification (devil)
o Ego- develops between 18 months and 3 ye
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Theory
• Defence mechanisms are denial, displacement and repression which are used to prevent traumatic memories from being remembered and are activated when the ego cannot rationally balance the needs of the id and superego.
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Theory
Psychosexual stages
1- ORAL STAGE
The focus of pleasure is the mouth and if you remain in this stage it leads to smoking, biting nails, sarcastic and critical.
The focus of pleasure is the mouth and if you remain in this stage it leads to smoking, biting nails, sarcastic and critical.
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Theory
Psychosexual stages
2-ANAL STAGE
The ego begins to develop, focus of pleasure is anus. If they do not complete this stage they become either
Anal retentive (obsessive and perfectionist)
Anal expulsive (thoughtless and messy).
The ego begins to develop, focus of pleasure is anus. If they do not complete this stage they become either
Anal retentive (obsessive and perfectionist)
Anal expulsive (thoughtless and messy).
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Theory
Psychosexual stages
3-PHALLIC STAGE
The focus of pleasure is the genital area. Oedipus complex is created for boys and the Electra complex for girls .
The focus of pleasure is the genital area. Oedipus complex is created for boys and the Electra complex for girls .
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Theory
Psychosexual stages
4-LATENT STAGE
Earlier conflicts are repressed and children do not remember much of their childhood.
Earlier conflicts are repressed and children do not remember much of their childhood.
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Psychosexual stages
Theory
Psychosexual stages
5-GENITAL STAGE
Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty. If stuck in this stage they will have difficult forming heterosexual relationships
Sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty. If stuck in this stage they will have difficult forming heterosexual relationships
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Psychodynamic approach
Theory
Theory
A child must receive enough gratification in each stage so they can move onto the next stage.
Too little gratification can cause fixation and too much can cause problems
Too little gratification can cause fixation and too much can cause problems
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Electra complex
Electra complex-
Girls sexually desire their father and develop penis envy and see their mother as a sexual rival they then begin to identify with their mother.
Girls sexually desire their father and develop penis envy and see their mother as a sexual rival they then begin to identify with their mother.
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Oedipus complex
Boys want to possess their mother and get rid of their father.
Boys then develop castration anxiety (punishment from fathers), they then identify with father
Boys then develop castration anxiety (punishment from fathers), they then identify with father
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Psychodynamic approach
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STRENGHTH- PIONEERING APPROACH
It has had an influence on a wide range of phenomena (personality development, abnormal behaviour etc).Draws connection between childhood experiences and later development.
RLA= Psychoanalysis
It has had an influence on a wide range of phenomena (personality development, abnormal behaviour etc).Draws connection between childhood experiences and later development.
RLA= Psychoanalysis
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Psychodynamic approach
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH-
Fisher and Greenberg (1996) summarised findings of 2,500 studies and found that there is evidence to support the existence of unconscious motivation in human behaviour and the role of defense mechanisms
Fisher and Greenberg (1996) summarised findings of 2,500 studies and found that there is evidence to support the existence of unconscious motivation in human behaviour and the role of defense mechanisms
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Psychodynamic approach
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WEAKNESS- IT IS DETERMINISTIC
Psychic determinism- there are no accidents and they are driven by unconscious forces. Unconscious conflicts determine all behaviour that are rooted in childhood
Psychic determinism- there are no accidents and they are driven by unconscious forces. Unconscious conflicts determine all behaviour that are rooted in childhood
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Psychodynamic approach
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WEAKNESS-IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH
Based on the intensive study of individuals in therapy so you cannot generalise the claims he made.
Based on the intensive study of individuals in therapy so you cannot generalise the claims he made.
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Psychodynamic approach
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WEAKNESS- GENDER BIAS
This theory argues that girls do not identify with their mother only males identify with their parent and argues that females are loer from of maculnity
This theory argues that girls do not identify with their mother only males identify with their parent and argues that females are loer from of maculnity
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Cognitive approach
Focuses on how people perceive, store and manipulate and interpret information.
They look at internal mental processes.
The mind works like computer-input from the environment then produces an output by the brain.
They look at internal mental processes.
The mind works like computer-input from the environment then produces an output by the brain.
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Cognitive approach
Schemas are a cognitive framework that helps to organise and information in the brain.
They use theoretical models-MSM/WMM
They are simplified pictorial representations of cognitive processes
They use theoretical models-MSM/WMM
They are simplified pictorial representations of cognitive processes
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Cognitive neuroscience
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.
This can be done through the use of fMRIs.
This can be done through the use of fMRIs.
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Cognitive approach
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CAN EXPLAIN REAL LIFE BEHAVIOUR-
It has been used in the treatment of depression using CBT(Cognitive behavioural therapy) as well as REBT to challenge the irrational beliefs they may have.
It has been used in the treatment of depression using CBT(Cognitive behavioural therapy) as well as REBT to challenge the irrational beliefs they may have.
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Cognitive approach
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METHODLOGICAL STRENGTH-
They use scientific methods which have rigorous methods of testing. This means that the data is more reliable and objective.
They use scientific methods which have rigorous methods of testing. This means that the data is more reliable and objective.
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Cognitive approach
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GIVES A MECHNANISTIC VIEW OF BEHAVIOUR-suggests that humans are like computers and ignores the role of choice or emotion in our behaviour as not just cognitive processing is responsible
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Introspection-When a person analyses their own thoughts and feelings and look into their conscious thoughts
Structuralism- when conscious experiences have been broken down
Structuralism- when conscious experiences have been broken down
Back
Origins of psychology
Introspection/Structuralism
Introspection/Structuralism
Card 3
Front
STRENGTH- REAL LIFE APPLICATION
Introspective methods have been used as a way of measuring happiness. Particpants have to write down what they think about when they hear a bee[.
Introspective methods have been used as a way of measuring happiness. Particpants have to write down what they think about when they hear a bee[.
Back
Card 4
Front
RELIES ON NON-OBSERVABLE METHODS-
This is because people have to anylase their own thoughts and feelings
This is because people have to anylase their own thoughts and feelings
Back
Card 5
Front
It wants to study behavior that can be observed and measured. All behavior is learnt through conditioning and association.
Our minds are born a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Abnormal behaviours are learnt through classical conditioning
Our minds are born a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Abnormal behaviours are learnt through classical conditioning
Back
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